Romanesque–Gothic (11th–14th century) · Via Francigena

Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca

The Cathedral of San Martino is the spiritual centre of Lucca, an elegant Romanesque church whose asymmetrical façade is crowded with carved columns and reliefs. It guards the Volto Santo, a revered wooden crucifix that drew pilgrims from across Europe and was a major reason Lucca became one of the great stations on the Via Francigena. Inside also lies the exquisite marble tomb of Ilaria del Carretto by Jacopo della Quercia.

Highlights

At a glance

PeriodRomanesque–Gothic (11th–14th century)
Stage62 — Pietrasanta to Lucca

Take care

History

A church of St Martin was founded here in the 6th century, traditionally by Bishop Frediano, and became Lucca's cathedral in the 8th century. Bishop Anselmo da Baggio began a complete rebuilding in 1060 and consecrated the new church in 1070, by then reigning as Pope Alexander II. The marble atrium and facade were finished under Guidetto da Como in 1204, and during the 14th and 15th centuries the interior was transformed again, nave and transepts rising in the Gothic style seen today.

Myth & legend

Legend holds that the Volto Santo was carved by Nicodemus, a witness to the Crucifixion, and that the figure of Christ's face was completed by angels. The crucifix was said to have crossed the sea unguided to Italy, and pilgrims swore oaths 'by the Holy Face of Lucca'.

Geology

Lucca lies on the alluvial plain of the Serchio, so its Romanesque builders looked to the surrounding hills for stone: white limestone from Monte Pisano and marble from the Apuan margin, set off against darker bands in the striped Tuscan manner. The cathedral's pale and grey courses are in effect a sampler of the folded carbonate rocks that ring the Lucca basin.

Wildlife & nature

Common and pallid swifts nest in the carved façade and belfry and scream low over the square on summer evenings, with black redstarts and jackdaws on the roofs. Beyond the walls the plain is a patchwork of olive terraces and vineyards, and the foothills rise into chestnut and oak woods that colour in late October.

The view

The asymmetrical marble facade, squeezed beside its bell tower, layers carved columns above the portico; inside, the dark tempietto of the Volto Santo glows with candlelight.

Photography

Morning light suits the facade from Piazza San Martino; use the portico columns as framing, and bring a fast lens or steady hand for the dim Volto Santo chapel inside.

When to visit

April to June and September are ideal in Lucca; mid-summer is hot but the walls give shade. On 13 September the candlelit Luminara di Santa Croce honours the Volto Santo.

Getting there

Lucca station sits just outside the walls with regional trains from Pisa, Viareggio and Florence; the Via Francigena enters the city through its historic gates.

Where to stay

Pilgrim hostels and religious guesthouses inside the walls accept the credential, alongside abundant small hotels and B&Bs in the traffic-calmed historic centre.

Food & water

Public drinking fountains, some fed by the historic aqueduct, dot the walled city, and cafes are everywhere; refill easily before the stage south towards Altopascio.

Safety

Urban setting — ordinary care; bell-tower stairs are long and narrow. In an emergency dial 112.

Accessibility

The cathedral and its piazza lie on level ground with a step at the entrance; the flat, traffic-calmed old town is one of the easier Tuscan centres to negotiate.

Visitor tips

Ask the sacristy for a timbro, find Ilaria del Carretto's marble tomb, and trace the small labyrinth carved by the portico, a medieval emblem of pilgrimage, before you leave.

Listen: the audio guide

Lucca Cathedral: The Holy Face and the Little Labyrinth · 4 min 13 s · the whole library

The narration plays in the free Via Francigena appAudio guides are in the app only. Scan to open this one directly — it also starts by itself when you reach the site, and plays with no signal. The full script is below, free to read.

The full narration of this stop's audio guide, in text. The audio itself plays only in the app.

You are standing before a cathedral that is not quite symmetrical. Look at the right-hand side of the facade: the arcades crowd together, squeezed, because the bell tower was already standing when the front was built, and the masons simply worked around it. Behind that marble screen wait a dark crucifix said to have been finished by angels, a young woman asleep in stone with her dog at her feet, and a labyrinth polished by centuries of fingertips.

This is the Cathedral of San Martino, and it has been holy ground a very long time. A church of Saint Martin was founded here in the sixth century, traditionally by Bishop Frediano, and became Lucca's cathedral in the eighth. Bishop Anselmo da Baggio began a complete rebuilding in 1060 and consecrated the new church in 1070, by which time he was reigning in Rome as Pope Alexander II. The marble atrium and facade were finished under Guidetto da Como in 1204, and in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the interior rose again into the Gothic nave you walk through today. But the deepest reason this building matters to a walker is the treasure it guards. The Volto Santo, the Holy Face, drew pilgrims from across Europe, and it is a great part of why Lucca became one of the most important stations on the whole Via Francigena.

Now, look for four things. First, the facade columns, three tiers of them above the deep porch, every shaft carved differently, twisted, inlaid, banded, patterned, as though the workshop were showing off its entire catalogue. Second, inside the nave, the small marble temple that houses the Volto Santo: a dark wooden crucifix, robed and crowned, its expression grave and open-eyed, unlike any other image of Christ you will meet on this road. Third, in the sacristy, Ilaria del Carretto, carved by Jacopo della Quercia in the early fifteenth century, a young woman asleep in white marble with a small dog curled at her feet, her drapery falling in folds so soft you must remind yourself the material is stone. And fourth, back in the portico, a small carved labyrinth on the wall, worn shiny by tracing fingers, one winding path to the centre, no shortcuts, the journey itself the point.

For centuries the Volto Santo was one of the most famous objects in Christendom. Oaths sworn across half of Europe were sworn by the Holy Face of Lucca, and walkers on this road counted the city among their essential goals. The devotion has never stopped. Each September the city honours the crucifix with the Luminara di Santa Croce, when the electric lights go out and thousands of candles line the window ledges and streets, and the whole town glows as it did in the Middle Ages.

As for the crucifix itself, legend says it was carved by Nicodemus, who was present at the Crucifixion, and that when he could not bring himself to attempt the face of Christ, angels finished it while he slept. It is said to have crossed the sea unguided and come ashore in Italy of its own will. Medieval pilgrims believed every word, and standing before that grave, open-eyed face, you may see why.

Ask at the sacristy for a timbro, then step out into the piazza where the swifts scream low over the roofs on summer evenings. Trace the labyrinth once more on your way past, one path, no shortcuts, and let this crooked, honest facade send you back into the streets of Lucca, where two more of its churches and its great green walls are waiting. Buon cammino.

Also narrated in Deutsch, Italiano, Nederlands

The same guide, written again in each language rather than translated. Open one to read it in full.

Deutsch · 4 min 47 s

Lucca: Das Heilige Antlitz

Sie stehen vor einer Kathedrale, die nicht ganz symmetrisch ist. Sehen Sie sich die rechte Seite der Fassade an: Dort drängen sich die Arkaden zusammen, gestaucht, denn der Glockenturm stand schon, als die Front gebaut wurde, und die Steinmetzen haben einfach um ihn herum gearbeitet. Hinter jenem Marmorschirm warten ein dunkles Kruzifix, das Engel vollendet haben sollen, eine junge Frau, die in Stein schläft, den Hund zu ihren Füßen, und ein Labyrinth, blank poliert von Jahrhunderten von Fingerkuppen.

Das ist die Kathedrale San Martino, und sie ist seit sehr langer Zeit heiliger Boden. Im 6. Jahrhundert wurde hier eine Martinskirche gegründet, der Überlieferung nach von Bischof Frediano, und im 8. Jahrhundert wurde sie Luccas Kathedrale. Bischof Anselmo da Baggio begann 1060 einen vollständigen Neubau und weihte die neue Kirche 1070, als er längst als Papst Alexander der Zweite in Rom regierte. Vorhalle und Fassade aus Marmor wurden 1204 unter Guidetto da Como fertig, und im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert wuchs der Innenraum zu jenem gotischen Langhaus auf, durch das Sie heute gehen. Doch der tiefste Grund, warum dieser Bau für Gehende zählt, ist der Schatz, den er hütet. Das Volto Santo, das Heilige Antlitz, zog Pilger aus ganz Europa an, und ihm verdankt Lucca zu einem großen Teil, dass es zu einer der wichtigsten Stationen der ganzen Via Francigena wurde.

Vier Dinge sollten Sie suchen. Erstens: die Säulen der Fassade, drei Reihen über der tiefen Vorhalle, jeder Schaft anders gearbeitet, gedreht, eingelegt, gebändert, gemustert, als führe die Werkstatt ihren gesamten Katalog vor. Zweitens, im Langhaus, den kleinen Marmortempel, der das Volto Santo birgt: ein dunkles Holzkruzifix, gewandet und gekrönt, sein Ausdruck ernst und mit offenen Augen, anders als jedes andere Christusbild, dem Sie auf diesem Weg begegnen. Drittens, in der Sakristei, Ilaria del Carretto, im frühen 15. Jahrhundert von Jacopo della Quercia gearbeitet, eine junge Frau, die in weißem Marmor schläft, ein kleiner Hund zusammengerollt zu ihren Füßen, ihr Gewand in Falten von solcher Weichheit, dass Sie sich daran erinnern müssen, dass das Material Stein ist. Und viertens, zurück in der Vorhalle, ein kleines geschnittenes Labyrinth an der Wand, blank gerieben von nachfahrenden Fingern, ein einziger gewundener Weg zur Mitte, keine Abkürzung, der Weg selbst der Sinn.

Jahrhundertelang war das Volto Santo einer der berühmtesten Gegenstände der Christenheit. In halb Europa schwor man Eide beim Heiligen Antlitz von Lucca, und wer diesen Weg ging, zählte die Stadt zu seinen unverzichtbaren Zielen. Die Verehrung hat nie aufgehört. Jeden September ehrt die Stadt das Kruzifix mit der Luminara di Santa Croce: Das elektrische Licht geht aus, tausende Kerzen säumen Fensterbänke und Gassen, und der ganze Ort glüht, wie er es im Mittelalter tat.

Vom Kruzifix selbst sagt die Legende, Nikodemus habe es geschnitzt, der bei der Kreuzigung zugegen war, und als er es nicht über sich brachte, das Antlitz Christi zu wagen, hätten Engel es vollendet, während er schlief. Es soll ohne Steuermann über das Meer gekommen und aus eigenem Willen in Italien an Land gegangen sein. Die Pilger des Mittelalters glaubten jedes Wort, und wenn Sie vor diesem ernsten, offenen Gesicht stehen, verstehen Sie vielleicht, warum.

Bitten Sie in der Sakristei um einen Stempel und treten Sie dann hinaus auf den Platz, wo an Sommerabenden die Mauersegler tief über die Dächer schreien. Fahren Sie im Vorbeigehen noch einmal das Labyrinth nach, ein Weg, keine Abkürzung, und lassen Sie sich von dieser schiefen, ehrlichen Fassade zurück in die Gassen von Lucca schicken, wo zwei weitere ihrer Kirchen und ihre große grüne Mauer auf Sie warten. Buon cammino.

Italiano · 4 min 10 s

Lucca, il Volto Santo

Siete davanti a una cattedrale che non torna del tutto. Guardate il lato destro della facciata: le arcate si accalcano, compresse, perché il campanile stava già lì quando fu costruito il prospetto, e i maestri semplicemente ci girarono intorno. Dietro quello schermo di marmo vi aspettano un crocifisso scuro che si dice finito dagli angeli, una ragazza addormentata nella pietra con il cane ai piedi, e un labirinto lucidato da secoli di polpastrelli.

Questa è la cattedrale di San Martino, e il luogo è sacro da moltissimo tempo. Una chiesa di San Martino fu fondata qui nel sesto secolo, per tradizione dal vescovo Frediano, e nell'ottavo divenne la cattedrale di Lucca. Il vescovo Anselmo da Baggio ne cominciò la ricostruzione completa nel 1060 e consacrò la chiesa nuova nel 1070, quando ormai regnava a Roma come papa Alessandro II. L'atrio e la facciata di marmo furono portati a termine sotto Guidetto da Como nel 1204, e fra Trecento e Quattrocento l'interno risalì nella navata gotica che state per percorrere. Ma la ragione più profonda per cui questo edificio conta, per chi cammina, è il tesoro che custodisce. Il Volto Santo attirava pellegrini da tutta Europa, ed è in gran parte per lui che Lucca divenne una delle stazioni più importanti dell'intera Via Francigena.

Ora, quattro cose da cercare. Primo, le colonne della facciata, tre ordini sopra il portico profondo, ogni fusto lavorato in modo diverso, tortile, intarsiato, a fasce, a disegni, come se la bottega stesse mostrando l'intero catalogo. Secondo, dentro, in navata, il piccolo tempietto di marmo che ospita il Volto Santo: un crocifisso di legno scuro, vestito e coronato, il volto grave e gli occhi aperti, diverso da qualsiasi altra immagine di Cristo incontrerete su questa strada. Terzo, in sagrestia, Ilaria del Carretto, scolpita da Jacopo della Quercia all'inizio del Quattrocento, una giovane donna addormentata nel marmo bianco con un cagnolino raggomitolato ai piedi, e un panneggio che cade in pieghe così morbide che dovete ricordarvi da soli che quella è pietra. E quarto, tornando sotto il portico, il piccolo labirinto inciso sulla parete, lucido per le dita che lo ripassano: un solo percorso tortuoso fino al centro, nessuna scorciatoia, il viaggio come unica risposta.

Per secoli il Volto Santo è stato uno degli oggetti più famosi della cristianità. In mezza Europa si giurava sul Volto Santo di Lucca, e chi camminava su questa strada metteva la città fra le mete indispensabili. La devozione non si è mai fermata. Ogni settembre la città onora il crocifisso con la Luminara di Santa Croce: si spegne la luce elettrica, migliaia di candele allineano i davanzali e le strade, e tutta Lucca torna a splendere come nel Medioevo.

Quanto al crocifisso, la leggenda vuole che l'abbia scolpito Nicodemo, presente alla Crocifissione, e che, non riuscendo a trovare il coraggio di affrontare il volto di Cristo, gli angeli glielo abbiano finito mentre dormiva. Si racconta che abbia attraversato il mare senza nocchiero e sia approdato in Italia di propria volontà. I pellegrini medievali ci credevano parola per parola, e davanti a quel viso grave, con gli occhi aperti, potreste capire perché.

Chiedete in sagrestia un timbro, poi uscite nella piazza dove nelle sere d'estate i rondoni stridono bassi sopra i tetti. Ripassate il labirinto un'ultima volta mentre passate, un percorso solo, nessuna scorciatoia, e lasciate che questa facciata storta e onesta vi rimandi nelle strade di Lucca, dove vi aspettano altre due delle sue chiese e le sue grandi mura verdi. Buon cammino.

Nederlands · 5 min 04 s

Lucca, het Heilig Aangezicht

Je staat voor een kathedraal die niet helemaal symmetrisch is. Kijk naar de rechterkant van de gevel: daar dringen de arcaden samen, in de verdrukking, want de klokkentoren stond er al toen het front werd gebouwd, en de steenhouwers werkten er eenvoudig omheen. Achter dat marmeren scherm wachten een donker kruisbeeld dat door engelen zou zijn voltooid, een jonge vrouw die in steen ligt te slapen met haar hond aan haar voeten, en een labyrint dat door eeuwen vingertoppen is gepolijst.

Dit is de kathedraal van San Martino, en het is hier al heel lang heilige grond. In de zesde eeuw werd op deze plek een kerk van Sint-Maarten gesticht, naar overlevering door bisschop Frediano, en in de achtste eeuw werd zij de kathedraal van Lucca. Bisschop Anselmo da Baggio begon in 1060 aan een volledige herbouw en wijdde de nieuwe kerk in 1070, tegen welke tijd hij in Rome regeerde als paus Alexander de Tweede. Het marmeren atrium en de gevel werden in 1204 voltooid onder Guidetto da Como, en in de veertiende en vijftiende eeuw rees het interieur opnieuw op tot het gotische schip waar je vandaag doorheen loopt. Maar de diepste reden waarom dit gebouw voor een wandelaar telt, is de schat die het bewaakt. Het Volto Santo, het Heilig Aangezicht, trok pelgrims uit heel Europa, en het is voor een groot deel de reden dat Lucca een van de belangrijkste haltes van de hele Via Francigena werd.

Zoek nu vier dingen. Ten eerste de zuilen van de gevel, drie rijen boven het diepe portaal, elke schacht anders bewerkt, gedraaid, ingelegd, gebandeerd, van patroon voorzien, alsof het atelier zijn hele catalogus tegelijk uitstalde. Ten tweede, binnen in het schip, het kleine marmeren tempeltje dat het Volto Santo herbergt: een donker houten kruisbeeld, gekleed en gekroond, de uitdrukking ernstig en met open ogen, anders dan elk ander Christusbeeld dat je op deze weg zult tegenkomen. Ten derde, in de sacristie, Ilaria del Carretto, aan het begin van de vijftiende eeuw gehouwen door Jacopo della Quercia, een jonge vrouw die slaapt in wit marmer met een hondje opgerold aan haar voeten, haar gewaad in plooien die zo zacht vallen dat je jezelf eraan moet herinneren dat het materiaal steen is. En ten vierde, terug in de voorhal, een klein gebeeldhouwd labyrint op de muur, glimmend gesleten door tastende vingers, één kronkelend pad naar het midden, geen sluiproutes, waarbij de tocht zelf de bedoeling is.

Eeuwenlang was het Volto Santo een van de beroemdste voorwerpen van de christenheid. Eden die in het halve Europa werden gezworen, werden gezworen bij het Heilig Aangezicht van Lucca, en wie deze weg liep, rekende de stad tot zijn onmisbare doelen. De verering is nooit gestopt. Elk jaar in september eert de stad het kruisbeeld met de Luminara di Santa Croce: de elektrische lampen gaan uit, duizenden kaarsen staan op de vensterbanken en langs de straten, en de hele stad gloeit zoals ze in de middeleeuwen gloeide.

Over het kruisbeeld zelf gaat de legende dat het door Nikodemus is gehouwen, die bij de kruisiging aanwezig was, en dat toen hij het gezicht van Christus niet aandurfde, engelen het voltooiden terwijl hij sliep. Het zou zonder stuurman de zee zijn overgestoken en uit eigen wil in Italië aan land zijn gekomen. Middeleeuwse pelgrims geloofden er elk woord van, en als je voor dat ernstige, wijd open gezicht staat, zie je misschien waarom.

Vraag in de sacristie om een timbro, en stap dan het plein op, waar de gierzwaluwen op zomeravonden laag over de daken gieren. Trek onderweg naar buiten het labyrint nog één keer na, één pad, geen sluiproutes, en laat deze scheve, eerlijke gevel je terugsturen de straten van Lucca in, waar nog twee van haar kerken en haar grote groene muren op je wachten. Buon cammino.

Common questions

How old is Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca?

Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca dates from the Romanesque–Gothic (11th–14th century) period.

How do I get to Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca?

Lucca station sits just outside the walls with regional trains from Pisa, Viareggio and Florence; the Via Francigena enters the city through its historic gates.

Is Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca accessible?

The cathedral and its piazza lie on level ground with a step at the entrance; the flat, traffic-calmed old town is one of the easier Tuscan centres to negotiate.

When is the best time to visit Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca?

April to June and September are ideal in Lucca; mid-summer is hot but the walls give shade. On 13 September the candlelit Luminara di Santa Croce honours the Volto Santo.

Is there food and water at Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca?

Public drinking fountains, some fed by the historic aqueduct, dot the walled city, and cafes are everywhere; refill easily before the stage south towards Altopascio.

Where can I stay near Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca?

Pilgrim hostels and religious guesthouses inside the walls accept the credential, alongside abundant small hotels and B&Bs in the traffic-calmed historic centre.

What should I know before visiting Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca?

Ask the sacristy for a timbro, find Ilaria del Carretto's marble tomb, and trace the small labyrinth carved by the portico, a medieval emblem of pilgrimage, before you leave.

Is Cathedral of San Martino, Lucca safe to visit?

Urban setting — ordinary care; bell-tower stairs are long and narrow. In an emergency dial 112.

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