Crowning a rocky spur in a tight loop of the River Doubs, the Citadel of Besançon is a masterwork of the military engineer Vauban and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The fortress overlooks a city that was the Roman Vesontio, capital of the Sequani and an important stop on the road to the Alps. Below the citadel the Porte Noire, a 2nd-century Roman triumphal arch, still marks the ancient route that pilgrims followed south through Franche-Comté.
Highlights
- Vauban's ramparts crowning the neck of the Doubs river loop
- The Roman Porte Noire triumphal arch on the climb to the citadel
- Legend of the brothers Ferreol and Ferjeux and their rediscovered grotto
- Peregrines, Alpine swifts and eagle owls on the citadel cliffs
- A textbook entrenched meander described by Caesar in his Gallic War
At a glance
| Period | 17th century (Vauban), on a Gallo-Roman site |
|---|---|
| Stage | 27 — Gy to Besançon |
Take care
- Steep climb to the citadel — carry water in summer
- Low parapets on some rampart walkways; keep children close
History
Vauban laid out the citadel from 1668, after Louis XIV's first seizure of Franche-Comte, and when the province was definitively annexed in 1674 work resumed, the main fortress standing complete by 1683. For nearly three centuries it served the French army as barracks, garrison and prison. The city of Besancon bought the citadel from the army in 1959 and converted it into museums, and in 2008 it was inscribed by UNESCO among the fortifications of Vauban.
Myth & legend
Legend says Besançon's patron saints, the brothers Ferréol and Ferjeux, preached from a cave below the city until they were martyred around 212 AD, and that their grotto was rediscovered in 370 when a Roman officer's dog chased a fox inside. Caesar himself described Vesontio's river-looped crag in his Gallic War.
Geology
Besançon's loop is a textbook entrenched meander: the Doubs kept its old winding course as the Jura rose, cutting down through an anticline of Jurassic limestone on the mountains' outer edge. The citadel crowns the rocky neck of that fold, where the river has sliced through the arched strata to leave limestone cliffs falling sheer on either side.
Wildlife & nature
Peregrine falcons have bred on the citadel cliffs for well over a decade, sharing the rock with Alpine swifts, crag martins, eagle owls and several bat species that use the crevices and casemates. Below, the Doubs loop carries grey herons, kingfishers and dippers past limestone slopes of box, beech and dry grassland.
The view
Vauban's ramparts crown the narrow neck of the Doubs meander, with the old town's rooftops, the cathedral and the wooded loop of the river spread out far below the walls.
Photography
Walk the rampart tops for the classic view down over the river loop; morning haze on the Doubs can be atmospheric, and the Roman Porte Noire on the climb makes a strong close-up subject.
When to visit
May, June and September are ideal for the climb; July and August are warm and popular with families; winters are cold and grey, and the exposed ramparts catch every wind.
Getting there
The route passes through Besancon on foot; the city is served by rail at Viotte station, and a seasonal shuttle bus climbs from the centre to the citadel gates for those avoiding the steep walk.
Where to stay
Hotels, chambres d'hotes and hostel-style beds cluster in the old town below; walkers usually overnight in the city centre before continuing towards the high Jura and Pontarlier.
Food & water
Carry water for the climb; cafes fill the old-town squares below the hill, and fountains in the city are ornamental rather than reliable refill points.
Safety
The climb up is steep — take water in summer — and some rampart walkways have low parapets, so keep children close. In an emergency dial 112.
Accessibility
The walk up is long and steep with stairs on the footpaths; inside the walls, courtyards mix cobbles, slopes and steps, so the shuttle bus is the gentler approach for limited mobility.
Visitor tips
Climb via the cathedral and the Roman Porte Noire so the ascent doubles as sightseeing; allow half a day for the ramparts and museums, and collect a stamp at the tourist office in town.
Listen: the audio guide
The full narration of this stop's audio guide, in text. The audio itself plays only in the app.
You are standing on a neck of rock with a river wrapped almost all the way around you. Far below, the Doubs swings in a great green horseshoe, the roofs of the old town packed inside the loop, and the only dry way in or out runs directly beneath these ramparts. Julius Caesar looked at this arrangement and wanted it at once. Vauban looked at it and perfected it. And a dog, the story goes, once found the city's holiest secret.
Before the fortress there was a city. This was Vesontio, capital of the Sequani, and Caesar himself described the river-looped crag in his account of the Gallic War before hurrying to seize it, because a crag like this inside a loop like that is a gift to any commander. The Roman town prospered on the road to the Alpine passes, and travellers bound for Italy have been filing through ever since. The citadel above them is the masterwork of Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, the greatest military engineer of his age. He laid it out from 1668, after Louis the Fourteenth first seized Franche-Comté; when the province was annexed for good in 1674 the work resumed in earnest, and by 1683 the fortress stood complete. It then served the French army for nearly three centuries as barracks, garrison and prison, until the city bought it in 1959 and filled it with museums. In 2008 UNESCO inscribed it among the great fortifications of Vauban.
Now, look for four things as you explore. First, the view from the rampart tops, because the geology performs for you here. The Doubs was already winding across a plain when the Jura began to rise, and it simply kept sawing downwards through the arching limestone, leaving this spur with cliffs falling sheer on either hand. Geologists call it a textbook entrenched meander, and there are few better places anywhere to stand inside one. Second, on the climb up from the cathedral, the Porte Noire, a Roman triumphal arch of the second century, its carvings worn soft by weather but its archway still spanning the ancient street towards Italy. Third, the successive fronts of bastions and ditches with which Vauban sealed the neck of the meander, wall behind wall behind wall. And fourth, the cliffs themselves: peregrine falcons have bred here for well over a decade, sharing the rock with Alpine swifts, crag martins and eagle owls, while grey herons stalk the shallows below and kingfishers and dippers flash along the water.
Below the hill, the city keeps a gentler memory. Its patron saints are two brothers, Ferréol and Ferjeux, who are said to have come here in Roman times and preached the new faith from a cave beneath the town, year after year, until they were martyred around the year 212. The city they had quietly converted never forgot them, and their names are woven through Besançon still.
And their cave has the best ending of any story in town. Legend says the grotto was lost for a century and a half, until one day in 370 a Roman officer's dog chased a fox into a hole in the rock, and the officer, scrambling after his dog, found himself standing in the hidden chamber where the brothers had preached.
The climb up here is steep, so carry water in summer and keep children close where the parapets are low. Collect a stamp in the town before you leave, and this evening walk the ramparts one more time. South-east, the long ridges of the Jura stand squarely across the road to Rome. That is tomorrow's country. Tonight the river loops far below you, holding the old town like a ring. Buon cammino.
Also narrated in Deutsch, Italiano, Nederlands
The same guide, written again in each language rather than translated. Open one to read it in full.
Deutsch · 4 min 58 s
Sie stehen auf einem Felshals, um den ein Fluss fast vollständig herumgelegt ist. Tief unten schwingt der Doubs in einem großen grünen Hufeisen, die Dächer der Altstadt drängen sich in der Schleife, und der einzige trockene Weg hinein und hinaus führt unmittelbar unter diesen Wällen hindurch. Julius Caesar sah diese Anordnung und wollte sie sofort haben. Vauban sah sie und brachte sie zur Vollendung. Und ein Hund, so erzählt man, fand einst das heiligste Geheimnis der Stadt.
Vor der Festung war die Stadt da. Hier lag Vesontio, die Hauptstadt der Sequaner, und Caesar selbst beschrieb den flussumschlungenen Felsen in seinem Bericht über den Gallischen Krieg, ehe er sich beeilte, ihn zu nehmen, denn ein solcher Fels in einer solchen Schleife ist für jeden Feldherrn ein Geschenk. Die römische Stadt gedieh an der Straße zu den Alpenpässen, und wer nach Italien wollte, zieht seither hier durch. Die Zitadelle darüber ist das Meisterwerk von Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, dem größten Festungsbaumeister seiner Zeit. Er legte sie ab 1668 an, nachdem Ludwig der Vierzehnte die Franche-Comté erstmals besetzt hatte. Als die Provinz 1674 endgültig angegliedert wurde, ging die Arbeit erst richtig weiter, und 1683 stand die Festung fertig. Danach diente sie dem französischen Heer fast drei Jahrhunderte lang als Kaserne, Garnison und Gefängnis, bis die Stadt sie 1959 kaufte und mit Museen füllte. 2008 nahm die UNESCO sie unter die großen Festungswerke Vaubans auf.
Vier Dinge sollten Sie hier suchen. Erstens: den Blick von den Wallkronen, denn hier führt die Geologie ein Stück auf. Der Doubs mäanderte schon über eine Ebene, als der Jura sich zu heben begann, und er sägte einfach weiter nach unten durch den sich aufwölbenden Kalk, bis dieser Sporn übrig blieb, mit Steilwänden zu beiden Seiten. Geologen nennen so etwas einen eingetieften Mäander wie aus dem Lehrbuch, und es gibt wenige Orte, an denen man besser mitten darin stehen kann. Zweitens, auf dem Anstieg von der Kathedrale herauf, die Porte Noire, einen römischen Triumphbogen des zweiten Jahrhunderts, dessen Reliefs das Wetter weich geschliffen hat, dessen Bogen aber noch immer über der alten Straße nach Italien steht. Drittens: die aufeinanderfolgenden Fronten aus Bastionen und Gräben, mit denen Vauban den Hals der Schleife verriegelt hat, Mauer hinter Mauer hinter Mauer. Und viertens: die Felswände selbst. Wanderfalken brüten hier seit weit über einem Jahrzehnt und teilen sich den Fels mit Alpenseglern, Felsenschwalben und Uhus, während unten Graureiher in den Flachwassern staksen und Eisvögel und Wasseramseln über dem Wasser aufblitzen.
Unten am Hügel bewahrt die Stadt eine sanftere Erinnerung. Ihre Stadtpatrone sind zwei Brüder, Ferreolus und Ferrutius, hier Ferréol und Ferjeux genannt. Sie sollen in römischer Zeit hierhergekommen sein und den neuen Glauben aus einer Höhle unter der Stadt gepredigt haben, Jahr um Jahr, bis sie um das Jahr 212 den Märtyrertod starben. Die Stadt, die sie in aller Stille bekehrt hatten, hat sie nie vergessen, und ihre Namen durchziehen Besançon bis heute.
Und ihre Höhle hat das schönste Ende aller Geschichten dieser Stadt. Es heißt, die Grotte sei anderthalb Jahrhunderte lang verschollen gewesen, bis eines Tages im Jahr 370 der Hund eines römischen Offiziers einen Fuchs in ein Loch im Fels jagte, und der Offizier, seinem Hund hinterherkletternd, sich in der verborgenen Kammer wiederfand, in der die Brüder gepredigt hatten.
Der Aufstieg hier herauf ist steil, tragen Sie im Sommer also Wasser bei sich und halten Sie Kinder dort nah, wo die Brüstungen niedrig sind. Holen Sie sich unten in der Stadt einen Stempel, und gehen Sie heute Abend noch einmal die Wälle ab. Nach Südosten stehen die langen Rücken des Jura quer über dem Weg nach Rom. Das ist das Land von morgen. Heute Nacht schlingt sich der Fluss tief unter Ihnen und hält die Altstadt wie einen Ring. Buon cammino.
Italiano · 4 min 29 s
Siete su una lingua di roccia con un fiume avvolto quasi tutto intorno a voi. Molto più in basso il Doubs disegna un grande ferro di cavallo verde, i tetti della città vecchia stretti dentro l'ansa, e l'unico passaggio asciutto per entrare o uscire corre proprio sotto questi bastioni. Giulio Cesare guardò questa disposizione e la volle all'istante. Vauban la guardò e la portò alla perfezione. E un cane, così si racconta, trovò un giorno il segreto più santo della città.
Prima della fortezza ci fu una città. Questa era Vesontio, capitale dei Sequani, e fu Cesare in persona a descrivere lo sperone chiuso nell'ansa del fiume nel suo racconto della guerra gallica, prima di affrettarsi a prenderlo, perché una rupe così dentro un'ansa così è un dono per qualsiasi comandante. La città romana prosperò sulla strada dei valichi alpini, e i viaggiatori diretti in Italia sfilano da queste parti da allora. La cittadella sopra di loro è il capolavoro di Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, il più grande ingegnere militare del suo tempo. La impostò dal 1668, dopo la prima conquista della Franca Contea da parte di Luigi XIV; quando la provincia fu annessa definitivamente, nel 1674, i lavori ripresero sul serio, e nel 1683 la fortezza era compiuta. Servì poi l'esercito francese per quasi tre secoli, caserma, guarnigione e prigione, finché la città non la acquistò nel 1959 e la riempì di musei. Nel 2008 l'UNESCO l'ha iscritta fra le grandi fortificazioni di Vauban.
Ora, quattro cose da cercare. Primo, la vista dall'alto dei bastioni, perché qui la geologia si esibisce per voi. Il Doubs serpeggiava già in pianura quando il Giura cominciò a sollevarsi, e il fiume continuò semplicemente a segare verso il basso attraverso il calcare che si inarcava, lasciando questo sperone con pareti a strapiombo su entrambi i lati. I geologi lo chiamano un meandro incassato da manuale, e pochi luoghi al mondo permettono di starci dentro così. Secondo, sulla salita dalla cattedrale, la Porte Noire, un arco trionfale romano del secondo secolo, i rilievi ammorbiditi dalle intemperie ma l'arcata ancora tesa sopra l'antica strada verso l'Italia. Terzo, i fronti successivi di bastioni e fossati con cui Vauban sigillò il collo del meandro, muro dietro muro dietro muro. E quarto, le falesie stesse: i falchi pellegrini vi nidificano da ben oltre un decennio, dividendo la roccia con rondoni maggiori, rondini montane e gufi reali, mentre gli aironi cenerini pattugliano i bassi fondali e martin pescatori e merli acquaioli saettano lungo l'acqua.
Sotto la collina, la città custodisce una memoria più mite. I suoi patroni sono due fratelli, Ferréol e Ferjeux, che si dice siano giunti qui in epoca romana e abbiano predicato la nuova fede da una grotta sotto la città, anno dopo anno, finché non furono martirizzati intorno al 212. La città che avevano convertito in silenzio non li ha mai dimenticati, e i loro nomi sono ancora intrecciati a Besançon.
E la loro grotta ha il finale più bello di tutta la città. La leggenda vuole che la caverna sia rimasta perduta per un secolo e mezzo, finché un giorno del 370 il cane di un ufficiale romano non inseguì una volpe dentro un buco nella roccia, e l'ufficiale, arrampicandosi dietro il suo cane, si ritrovò in piedi nella camera nascosta dove i due fratelli avevano predicato.
La salita fin quassù è ripida, quindi d'estate portate acqua e tenete vicini i bambini dove i parapetti sono bassi. Fatevi mettere un timbro in città prima di partire, e stasera percorrete i bastioni un'ultima volta. A sud-est, le lunghe dorsali del Giura sbarrano la strada di Roma. Quello è il paese di domani. Stanotte il fiume gira laggiù in fondo, e tiene la città vecchia come un anello. Buon cammino.
Nederlands · 5 min 14 s
Je staat op een landtong van rots met een rivier die zich er bijna helemaal omheen slingert. Diep beneden zwaait de Doubs in een grote groene hoefijzerbocht, de daken van de oude stad dicht opeengepakt binnen de lus, en de enige droge weg erin of eruit loopt recht onder deze wallen door. Julius Caesar zag dit arrangement en wilde het meteen hebben. Vauban zag het en maakte het volmaakt. En een hond, zo gaat het verhaal, vond ooit het heiligste geheim van de stad.
Vóór het fort was er een stad. Dit was Vesontio, hoofdstad van de Sequani, en Caesar zelf beschreef de rots in de rivierlus in zijn verslag van de Gallische Oorlog, voordat hij zich haastte om haar in te nemen, want zo'n rots binnen zo'n lus is een geschenk voor elke veldheer. De Romeinse stad bloeide aan de weg naar de Alpenpassen, en reizigers op weg naar Italië trekken er sindsdien doorheen. De citadel boven hen is het meesterwerk van Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, de grootste vestingbouwer van zijn tijd. Hij zette haar op vanaf 1668, nadat Lodewijk de Veertiende de Franche-Comté voor het eerst had veroverd; toen de provincie in 1674 voorgoed werd ingelijfd, ging het werk serieus verder, en in 1683 stond het fort compleet. Daarna diende het het Franse leger bijna drie eeuwen als kazerne, garnizoen en gevangenis, tot de stad het in 1959 kocht en vulde met musea. In 2008 nam UNESCO het op onder de grote vestingwerken van Vauban.
Zoek nu vier dingen terwijl je rondloopt. Ten eerste het uitzicht vanaf de wallen, want hier geeft de geologie een voorstelling. De Doubs kronkelde al over een vlakte toen de Jura begon te rijzen, en de rivier zaagde eenvoudig door de opbollende kalksteen heen naar beneden, en liet deze rotstong achter met wanden die aan beide kanten loodrecht vallen. Geologen noemen het een schoolvoorbeeld van een ingesneden meander, en er zijn weinig plekken op aarde waar je er zo mooi middenin kunt staan. Ten tweede, op de klim vanaf de kathedraal, de Porte Noire, een Romeinse triomfboog uit de tweede eeuw, de reliëfs zacht gesleten door het weer, maar de boog spant nog altijd over de oude straat richting Italië. Ten derde de opeenvolgende linies van bastions en grachten waarmee Vauban de hals van de meander afsloot, muur achter muur achter muur. En ten vierde de rotswanden zelf: slechtvalken broeden hier al ruim tien jaar, en delen de rots met alpengierzwaluwen, rotszwaluwen en oehoes, terwijl blauwe reigers beneden door de ondiepten waden en ijsvogels en waterspreeuwen langs het water flitsen.
Onder de heuvel bewaart de stad een zachtere herinnering. Haar schutspatronen zijn twee broers, Ferréol en Ferjeux, van wie wordt gezegd dat ze hier in de Romeinse tijd aankwamen en het nieuwe geloof predikten vanuit een grot onder de stad, jaar na jaar, tot ze rond het jaar 212 de marteldood stierven. De stad die ze in stilte hadden bekeerd, is hen nooit vergeten, en hun namen zijn nog altijd door Besançon heen geweven.
En hun grot heeft het beste slot van alle verhalen in de stad. Volgens de legende was de grot honderdvijftig jaar kwijt, tot op een dag in 370 de hond van een Romeinse officier een vos achterna zat, een gat in de rots in, en de officier, achter zijn hond aan klauterend, opeens stond in de verborgen kamer waar de broers hadden gepredikt.
De klim hierheen is stevig, dus neem in de zomer water mee en houd kinderen dicht bij je waar de borstweringen laag zijn. Haal in de stad een stempel voordat je vertrekt, en loop vanavond nog één keer de wallen rond. In het zuidoosten liggen de lange ruggen van de Jura dwars over de weg naar Rome. Dat is het land van morgen. Vanavond ligt de rivier diep beneden je, en houdt de oude stad vast als een ring. Buon cammino.
Common questions
How old is Citadel of Besançon?
Citadel of Besançon dates from the 17th century (Vauban), on a Gallo-Roman site period.
How do I get to Citadel of Besançon?
The route passes through Besancon on foot; the city is served by rail at Viotte station, and a seasonal shuttle bus climbs from the centre to the citadel gates for those avoiding the steep walk.
Is Citadel of Besançon accessible?
The walk up is long and steep with stairs on the footpaths; inside the walls, courtyards mix cobbles, slopes and steps, so the shuttle bus is the gentler approach for limited mobility.
When is the best time to visit Citadel of Besançon?
May, June and September are ideal for the climb; July and August are warm and popular with families; winters are cold and grey, and the exposed ramparts catch every wind.
Is there food and water at Citadel of Besançon?
Carry water for the climb; cafes fill the old-town squares below the hill, and fountains in the city are ornamental rather than reliable refill points.
Where can I stay near Citadel of Besançon?
Hotels, chambres d'hotes and hostel-style beds cluster in the old town below; walkers usually overnight in the city centre before continuing towards the high Jura and Pontarlier.
What should I know before visiting Citadel of Besançon?
Climb via the cathedral and the Roman Porte Noire so the ascent doubles as sightseeing; allow half a day for the ramparts and museums, and collect a stamp at the tourist office in town.
Is Citadel of Besançon safe to visit?
The climb up is steep — take water in summer — and some rampart walkways have low parapets, so keep children close. In an emergency dial 112.
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