Etruscan / Roman (1st century BC – 1st century AD) · Via Francigena

Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri

The small town of Sutri guards one of the most extraordinary sites on the Via Francigena: a Roman amphitheatre carved entirely out of the living tufa rock, hewn downward into the hillside rather than built up in stone. Nearby, also cut into the cliff, are an Etruscan necropolis and a rock-hewn church, the Madonna del Parto, once a Mithraeum. An ancient gateway town on the road to Rome, Sutri has guided pilgrims for over two millennia.

Highlights

At a glance

PeriodEtruscan / Roman (1st century BC – 1st century AD)
Stage79 — Capranica to Sutri

Take care

History

The amphitheatre was hewn from the tufa between the late 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, seating up to an estimated 9,000 spectators from Roman Sutrium. Abandoned in late antiquity, it slowly filled with earth and was farmed over, its outline all but forgotten for a thousand years. Excavations of 1835-38, promoted by the Savorelli family who owned the land, freed the monument again, and in 1988 it became the centrepiece of an archaeological park with the necropolis and rock-cut church.

Myth & legend

Sutri claims to be the birthplace of Orlando (Roland), the legendary paladin of Charlemagne, supposedly born in a cave here while his mother was in exile. The town also marks the 'Donation of Sutri' of 728, when the Lombard king ceded the town to the Pope, a key step toward the Papal States.

Geology

Sutri's soft rock is tuff from the Sabatini volcanic centres to the south: immense pyroclastic flows of hot ash and pumice swept across this country several hundred thousand years ago and compacted into stone. Fresh tuff cuts easily yet hardens on exposure to air, which is why rock-cut tombs, hollow ways and chambers survive so crisply across southern Etruria.

Wildlife & nature

A wood of centuries-old holm oaks covers the tufa above the amphitheatre, with laurel, strawberry tree and viburnum beneath and cyclamen and butcher's broom on the shaded floor. Jackdaws, jays and tawny owls use the cliff niches and hollow trunks, and hazel groves and olives fill the volcanic country around.

The view

A complete Roman amphitheatre sunk into living tufa, its tiered bowl framed by pines; cliff tombs and the rock-cut Madonna del Parto church lie along the same escarpment.

Photography

Morning light reaches into the sunken bowl and picks out the carved tiers; shoot from the upper rim for the full ellipse, using the pines and tufa cliffs as framing.

When to visit

Spring and autumn suit the open archaeological park; summers are hot though the tufa cliffs and holm oaks give patches of shade, and winter light is beautifully low.

Getting there

The amphitheatre sits beside the old Cassia below the town, right on the walking route; buses along the Cassia link Sutri with Viterbo and Rome, with rail at Capranica-Sutri.

Where to stay

Sutri offers parish and convent lodging for credential-holding pilgrims plus B&Bs and small hotels; some walkers continue to Capranica when beds in town are few.

Food & water

Fountains in the hilltop piazzas and bars along the main street cover refills; carry water for the wooded ravine paths and the onward stage towards Campagnano.

Safety

The rock-cut arena has worn, uneven steps — watch your footing. The approach follows a stretch beside the busy Via Cassia: keep well in and walk facing traffic. In an emergency dial 112.

Accessibility

Level paths lead from the roadside park entrance into the amphitheatre, though the ground is uneven ancient tufa; the necropolis and rock church involve rough steps.

Visitor tips

Visit early before coach groups, combine the arena with the Etruscan necropolis and the frescoed Madonna del Parto, and collect a timbro up in the old town before walking on.

Listen: the audio guide

Sutri: The Amphitheatre Carved from the Rock · 4 min 48 s · the whole library

The narration plays in the free Via Francigena appAudio guides are in the app only. Scan to open this one directly — it also starts by itself when you reach the site, and plays with no signal. The full script is below, free to read.

The full narration of this stop's audio guide, in text. The audio itself plays only in the app.

Just when you think the road has shown you everything, Sutri offers you something you will find nowhere else in Italy. Below the town, folded into a green hollow, lies a complete Roman amphitheatre, and as you walk towards it you slowly realise what is strange about it: it was never built. No block was ever laid on another. The whole arena, tiers, stairways and passages, was carved downward into the living rock. And that is only the first wonder waiting here.

The rock made it possible. Sutri stands on tuff, the compacted ash of the Sabatini volcanoes, whose immense flows swept across this country several hundred thousand years ago; fresh tuff cuts easily with hand tools yet hardens where the air touches it. Between the late first century BC and the first century AD, the workers of Roman Sutrium scooped this hollow into an arena whose rock-cut terraces could seat an estimated nine thousand spectators. Then, in late antiquity, it was abandoned. Earth washed in, farmers ploughed over it, and for a thousand years the amphitheatre simply vanished from memory, a grassy dell with an odd shape. Excavations between 1835 and 1838, promoted by the Savorelli family who owned the land, freed the monument again, and since 1988 it has been the centrepiece of an archaeological park, together with the tombs and the rock-cut church that share its cliffs.

Now, look for four things as you explore. First, the arena itself, an oval roughly fifty metres on its long axis, its seating, stairways and vaulted passages all one continuous mass of soft brown tufa, half architecture, half geology. Second, the cliff face beyond, honeycombed with the dark doorways of an Etruscan necropolis, dozens of chamber tombs cut along the line of the ancient road and reused down the ages by shepherds and wine-makers. Third, a short walk on, the little rock-hewn church of the Madonna del Parto. It began as an Etruscan tomb, became a Roman sanctuary of the mysterious god Mithras, whose followers gathered in caves to celebrate light overcoming darkness, and was reborn as a Christian church, its dim aisles painted with medieval frescoes that include pilgrims journeying to a shrine of Saint Michael. Few places let you feel so directly how one faith folds into the next. And fourth, above it all, the wood of centuries-old holm oaks, cyclamen on the shaded floor, jackdaws and jays busy in the cliff niches.

Sutri holds a firm place in written history too. In 728 the Lombard king Liutprand yielded this town to Pope Gregory the Second. It sounds a small transaction, one hill town changing hands, yet that grant, remembered as the Donation of Sutri, was the first seed of the Papal States, the beginning of the popes' rule over central Italy that would last more than a thousand years. The papal palace you saw at Viterbo, the fortress above Montefiascone, all of it traces back, in a sense, to this small gateway town on the pilgrim road.

And Sutri has legends to match its stones. The town claims to be the birthplace of Orlando, the paladin Roland of the great medieval songs, born, the story goes, in one of these very caves while his mother rested here in exile, with the shadow of Charlemagne passing through the tale behind him.

Climb back up into the town, where the lanes are friendly and workaday and a fountain has been murmuring in the piazza for centuries, and take stock, because your journey is nearly done. From here the Via Cassia runs south through hazel groves towards the wide green campagna of Rome, two days of walking, no more. The people who carved theatres from hillsides knew how to make an entrance. Soon it will be your turn. Buon cammino.

Also narrated in Deutsch, Italiano, Nederlands

The same guide, written again in each language rather than translated. Open one to read it in full.

Deutsch · 5 min 13 s

Sutri: Die Arena aus gewachsenem Fels

Gerade wenn Sie meinen, der Weg habe Ihnen alles gezeigt, hält Sutri etwas bereit, das Sie sonst nirgends in Italien finden. Unterhalb der Stadt, in eine grüne Mulde gefaltet, liegt ein vollständiges römisches Amphitheater, und während Sie darauf zugehen, begreifen Sie allmählich, was daran so seltsam ist: Es wurde nie gebaut. Kein Block wurde je auf einen anderen gesetzt. Die ganze Arena, Ränge, Treppen und Gänge, wurde nach unten in den gewachsenen Fels geschnitten. Und das ist erst das erste Wunder, das hier wartet.

Möglich gemacht hat es das Gestein. Sutri steht auf Tuff, der verfestigten Asche der Sabatiner Vulkane, deren gewaltige Ströme vor mehreren hunderttausend Jahren über dieses Land fegten; frischer Tuff lässt sich mit Handwerkzeug leicht schneiden und härtet doch, wo die Luft ihn berührt. Zwischen dem späten 1. Jahrhundert vor Christus und dem 1. Jahrhundert nach Christus schöpften die Arbeiter des römischen Sutrium diese Mulde zu einer Arena aus, deren in den Fels geschnittene Ränge geschätzt neuntausend Zuschauern Platz boten. Dann, in der Spätantike, wurde sie aufgegeben. Erde schwemmte hinein, Bauern pflügten darüber, und tausend Jahre lang verschwand das Amphitheater schlicht aus dem Gedächtnis, ein grasiges Tälchen von merkwürdiger Form. Grabungen zwischen 1835 und 1838, betrieben von der Familie Savorelli, der das Land gehörte, gaben das Denkmal wieder frei, und seit 1988 ist es das Herzstück eines archäologischen Parks, zusammen mit den Gräbern und der Felsenkirche, die sich dieselben Wände teilen.

Vier Dinge sollten Sie hier suchen. Erstens: die Arena selbst, ein Oval von rund fünfzig Metern in der langen Achse, deren Sitzstufen, Treppen und gewölbte Gänge alle eine einzige zusammenhängende Masse weichen braunen Tuffs sind, halb Architektur, halb Geologie. Zweitens: die Felswand dahinter, durchlöchert von den dunklen Türen einer etruskischen Nekropole, Dutzende von Kammergräbern, entlang der antiken Straße geschnitten und über die Zeiten hinweg von Hirten und Winzern weiterbenutzt. Drittens, ein kurzes Stück weiter, die kleine, in den Fels gehauene Kirche Madonna del Parto. Sie begann als etruskisches Grab, wurde ein römisches Heiligtum des geheimnisvollen Gottes Mithras, dessen Anhänger sich in Höhlen versammelten, um den Sieg des Lichts über die Dunkelheit zu feiern, und wurde als christliche Kirche neu geboren, ihre dämmrigen Schiffe mit mittelalterlichen Fresken bemalt, auf denen unter anderem Pilger zu einem Heiligtum des Erzengels Michael ziehen. Nur an wenigen Orten spürt man so unmittelbar, wie ein Glaube sich in den nächsten faltet. Und viertens, über allem, der Wald jahrhundertealter Steineichen, mit Alpenveilchen auf dem beschatteten Boden und Dohlen und Eichelhähern, die in den Felsnischen zu tun haben.

Auch in der geschriebenen Geschichte hat Sutri seinen festen Platz. 728 überließ der Langobardenkönig Liutprand diese Stadt Papst Gregor dem Zweiten. Das klingt nach einem kleinen Geschäft, eine Hügelstadt wechselt den Besitzer, und doch war jene Übergabe, als Schenkung von Sutri erinnert, der erste Keim des Kirchenstaats, der Beginn der päpstlichen Herrschaft über Mittelitalien, die mehr als tausend Jahre dauern sollte. Der Papstpalast, den Sie in Viterbo gesehen haben, die Festung über Montefiascone, all das führt in gewisser Weise auf dieses kleine Torstädtchen am Pilgerweg zurück.

Und Sutri hat Legenden, die zu seinen Steinen passen. Die Stadt beansprucht, der Geburtsort Orlandos zu sein, jenes Paladins Roland aus den großen mittelalterlichen Liedern, geboren, so will es die Geschichte, in einer dieser Höhlen, während seine Mutter hier im Exil rastete, und im Hintergrund der Erzählung geht der Schatten Karls des Großen vorüber.

Steigen Sie zurück in die Stadt hinauf, wo die Gassen freundlich und werktäglich sind und seit Jahrhunderten ein Brunnen auf dem Platz murmelt, und machen Sie Kassensturz, denn Ihre Reise ist beinahe vollbracht. Von hier läuft die Via Cassia nach Süden durch Haselnusshaine hinunter in die weite grüne Campagna von Rom, zwei Tagesmärsche, nicht mehr. Menschen, die Theater aus Hügeln schnitten, wussten, wie man auftritt. Bald sind Sie an der Reihe. Buon cammino.

Italiano · 4 min 43 s

Sutri, l'arena scavata nel tufo

Proprio quando pensate che la strada vi abbia già mostrato tutto, Sutri vi offre una cosa che in Italia non trovate da nessun'altra parte. Sotto il paese, piegato dentro una conca verde, c'è un anfiteatro romano completo, e mentre vi avvicinate capite piano piano che cos'ha di strano: non è mai stato costruito. Nessun blocco è mai stato posato su un altro. Tutta l'arena, gradinate, scale e corridoi, è stata scavata verso il basso nella roccia viva. Ed è solo la prima delle meraviglie che vi aspettano.

L'ha resa possibile la roccia. Sutri sta sul tufo, la cenere compattata dei vulcani Sabatini, le cui immense colate hanno invaso questo territorio qualche centinaio di migliaia di anni fa; il tufo fresco si taglia facilmente con attrezzi a mano, e indurisce dove lo tocca l'aria. Fra la fine del primo secolo avanti Cristo e il primo secolo dopo, le maestranze della romana Sutrium hanno svuotato questa conca ricavandone un'arena le cui gradinate scavate nella roccia potevano ospitare circa novemila spettatori. Poi, nella tarda antichità, fu abbandonata. La terra la riempì, i contadini ci ararono sopra, e per mille anni l'anfiteatro sparì semplicemente dalla memoria: un pratino incassato dalla forma un po' curiosa. Gli scavi fra il 1835 e il 1838, promossi dai Savorelli che possedevano il terreno, hanno liberato di nuovo il monumento, e dal 1988 è il cuore di un parco archeologico, insieme alle tombe e alla chiesa rupestre che condividono le sue pareti.

Ora, quattro cose da cercare. Primo, l'arena stessa, un ovale di una cinquantina di metri sull'asse maggiore, con gradinate, scale e corridoi voltati tutti ricavati in un'unica massa continua di tufo bruno e tenero: metà architettura, metà geologia. Secondo, la parete di roccia là di fronte, alveolata dalle porte scure di una necropoli etrusca, decine di tombe a camera tagliate lungo il tracciato della strada antica e riusate nei secoli da pastori e vinai. Terzo, poco più avanti, la piccola chiesa scavata della Madonna del Parto. Nacque come tomba etrusca, divenne santuario romano del misterioso dio Mitra, i cui seguaci si riunivano nelle grotte a celebrare la luce che vince il buio, e rinacque chiesa cristiana, con le navate in penombra dipinte da affreschi medievali in cui compaiono pellegrini in viaggio verso un santuario di san Michele. Pochi luoghi lasciano sentire così direttamente come una fede si ripieghi dentro la successiva. E quarto, sopra tutto questo, il bosco di lecci secolari, i ciclamini sul suolo in ombra, le taccole e le ghiandaie indaffarate nelle nicchie della rupe.

Sutri ha anche un posto solido nella storia scritta. Nel 728 il re longobardo Liutprando cedette questa cittadina a papa Gregorio II. Sembra una transazione da poco, un paese di collina che cambia padrone, eppure quella concessione, ricordata come la Donazione di Sutri, fu il primo seme dello Stato della Chiesa, l'inizio di un dominio papale sull'Italia centrale destinato a durare più di mille anni. Il palazzo dei papi che avete visto a Viterbo, la rocca sopra Montefiascone, tutto risale in un certo senso a questa piccola città di porta sulla strada dei pellegrini.

E Sutri ha leggende all'altezza delle sue pietre. Il paese si dice patria di Orlando, il paladino dei grandi poemi medievali, nato, racconta la storia, proprio in una di queste grotte mentre sua madre si riparava qui in esilio, con l'ombra di Carlo Magno che attraversa il racconto alle sue spalle.

Risalite in paese, dove i vicoli sono cordiali e feriali e una fontana mormora in piazza da secoli, e tirate le somme, perché il viaggio è quasi finito. Da qui la Via Cassia corre a sud fra i noccioleti verso l'ampia campagna verde di Roma: due giorni di cammino, non di più. Gente capace di ricavare teatri da un fianco di collina sapeva come si fa un ingresso. Presto toccherà a voi. Buon cammino.

Nederlands · 5 min 37 s

Sutri, de arena uit de rots

Net wanneer je denkt dat de weg je alles heeft laten zien, biedt Sutri je iets wat je nergens anders in Italië vindt. Onder de stad, weggevouwen in een groene kom, ligt een compleet Romeins amfitheater, en terwijl je ernaartoe loopt, dringt langzaam tot je door wat er vreemd aan is: het is nooit gebouwd. Er is nooit één blok op een ander gelegd. De hele arena, de rangen, de trappen en de gangen, is naar beneden toe uit het gesteente zelf gehouwen. En dat is nog maar het eerste wonder dat hier op je wacht.

Het gesteente maakte het mogelijk. Sutri staat op tuf, de samengeperste as van de Sabatini-vulkanen, wier immense stromen enkele honderdduizenden jaren geleden over dit land veegden; verse tuf laat zich met handgereedschap makkelijk snijden en verhardt juist waar de lucht erbij komt. Tussen het eind van de eerste eeuw voor Christus en de eerste eeuw daarna schepten de werklieden van het Romeinse Sutrium deze kom uit tot een arena waarvan de uit de rots gehouwen rangen naar schatting negenduizend toeschouwers konden bergen. Toen, in de late oudheid, werd ze verlaten. Er spoelde aarde in, boeren ploegden eroverheen, en duizend jaar lang verdween het amfitheater eenvoudig uit het geheugen, een grazig dal met een merkwaardige vorm. Opgravingen tussen 1835 en 1838, bevorderd door de familie Savorelli die de grond bezat, maakten het monument weer vrij, en sinds 1988 is het het pronkstuk van een archeologisch park, samen met de graven en de uit de rots gehakte kerk die zijn wanden delen.

Zoek nu vier dingen terwijl je rondloopt. Ten eerste de arena zelf, een ovaal van ruwweg vijftig meter op de lange as, met zitrangen, trappen en overwelfde gangen die allemaal één doorlopende massa zachte bruine tuf zijn, half bouwkunst, half geologie. Ten tweede de rotswand daarachter, doorzeefd met de donkere deuropeningen van een Etruskische necropool, tientallen kamergraven uitgehakt langs de lijn van de oude weg en door de eeuwen heen hergebruikt door herders en wijnmakers. Ten derde, een klein eind verderop, het uit de rots gehouwen kerkje van de Madonna del Parto. Het begon als een Etruskisch graf, werd een Romeins heiligdom van de raadselachtige god Mithras, wiens volgelingen in grotten bijeenkwamen om het licht te vieren dat de duisternis overwint, en werd herboren als christelijke kerk, met schemerige beuken vol middeleeuwse fresco's waarop onder meer pelgrims op weg naar een heiligdom van de heilige Michaël staan. Weinig plekken laten je zo direct voelen hoe het ene geloof zich in het volgende vouwt. En ten vierde, boven dat alles, het bos van eeuwenoude steeneiken, met cyclamen op de schaduwrijke bodem en kauwen en gaaien die druk in de nissen van de wand zijn.

Sutri heeft ook een stevige plaats in de geschreven geschiedenis. In 728 stond de Longobardische koning Liutprand dit stadje af aan paus Gregorius de Tweede. Het klinkt als een kleine transactie, één heuvelstadje dat van eigenaar wisselt, en toch was die schenking, herinnerd als de Schenking van Sutri, het eerste zaad van de Kerkelijke Staat, het begin van het pauselijke bestuur over midden-Italië dat meer dan duizend jaar zou duren. Het pauselijk paleis dat je in Viterbo zag, de vesting boven Montefiascone, het gaat in zekere zin allemaal terug op dit kleine poortstadje aan de pelgrimsweg.

En Sutri heeft legenden die bij zijn stenen passen. Het stadje beweert de geboorteplaats te zijn van Orlando, de paladijn Roeland uit de grote middeleeuwse liederen, geboren, zo gaat het verhaal, in een van juist deze grotten, terwijl zijn moeder hier in ballingschap uitrustte, met de schaduw van Karel de Grote die achter het verhaal langs trekt.

Klim terug omhoog de stad in, waar de straatjes vriendelijk en alledaags zijn en op het plein al eeuwenlang een fontein murmelt, en maak de balans op, want je reis is bijna gedaan. Van hier loopt de Via Cassia zuidwaarts door hazelaarbosjes naar de wijde groene campagna van Rome, twee dagen lopen, niet meer. De mensen die theaters uit heuvelflanken hakten, wisten hoe je groots binnenkomt. Binnenkort is het jouw beurt. Buon cammino.

Common questions

How old is Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri?

Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri dates from the Etruscan / Roman (1st century BC – 1st century AD) period.

How do I get to Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri?

The amphitheatre sits beside the old Cassia below the town, right on the walking route; buses along the Cassia link Sutri with Viterbo and Rome, with rail at Capranica-Sutri.

Is Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri accessible?

Level paths lead from the roadside park entrance into the amphitheatre, though the ground is uneven ancient tufa; the necropolis and rock church involve rough steps.

When is the best time to visit Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri?

Spring and autumn suit the open archaeological park; summers are hot though the tufa cliffs and holm oaks give patches of shade, and winter light is beautifully low.

Is there food and water at Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri?

Fountains in the hilltop piazzas and bars along the main street cover refills; carry water for the wooded ravine paths and the onward stage towards Campagnano.

Where can I stay near Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri?

Sutri offers parish and convent lodging for credential-holding pilgrims plus B&Bs and small hotels; some walkers continue to Capranica when beds in town are few.

What should I know before visiting Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri?

Visit early before coach groups, combine the arena with the Etruscan necropolis and the frescoed Madonna del Parto, and collect a timbro up in the old town before walking on.

Is Etruscan Amphitheatre of Sutri safe to visit?

The rock-cut arena has worn, uneven steps — watch your footing. The approach follows a stretch beside the busy Via Cassia: keep well in and walk facing traffic. In an emergency dial 112.

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