St Peter's Basilica is the goal of the entire Via Francigena, the reason a thousand years of pilgrims walked from Canterbury to Rome. Built over the tomb of the Apostle Peter, the present basilica is one of the largest churches in the world, crowned by Michelangelo's vast dome and fronted by Bernini's sweeping colonnaded piazza. Inside lie Michelangelo's Pietà and the high altar above St Peter's grave, the journey's end for every pilgrim. The adjoining Vatican Museums hold one of the greatest art collections on earth, culminating in the Sistine Chapel.
Highlights
- Journey's end above the tomb of the Apostle Peter
- Michelangelo's dome and Bernini's embracing colonnaded piazza
- The testimonium awarded at the pilgrim reception by the portico steps
- Michelangelo's Pieta and the Sistine Chapel nearby
- First view of the dome descending from Monte Mario
At a glance
| Period | Renaissance (16th–17th century, over a 4th-century basilica) |
|---|---|
| Stage | 83 — Monte Mario to St Peter's Square |
Take care
- Long queues in full sun — carry water and a hat
- Dense crowds inside; keep valuables secure
History
By the 15th century Constantine's ancient basilica was in decay, and Nicholas V first planned its replacement around 1450. Julius II laid the foundation stone of the new church on 18 April 1506 to Bramante's design; Michelangelo, chief architect from 1546, shaped the dome that Giacomo della Porta completed in 1590. Carlo Maderno added the long nave and facade between 1607 and 1614, Urban VIII consecrated the basilica on 18 November 1626, and Bernini's colonnades enclosed the piazza between 1656 and 1667.
Myth & legend
Tradition holds that the Apostle Peter was martyred and crucified upside-down in Nero's circus around 64 AD and buried on the Vatican hill. The first basilica was raised over his tomb by the Emperor Constantine in the 4th century, fixing this spot as the heart of Western Christendom.
Geology
St Peter's and its embracing colonnade are monuments in travertine, a freshwater limestone precipitated by mineral-charged springs at Tivoli east of Rome, quarried since antiquity as lapis Tiburtinus and floated to the city by river. The Vatican Hill beneath is far older, grey-blue marine clays laid down in a Pliocene sea long before the Tiber or the Roman volcanoes existed.
Wildlife & nature
From November to February vast starling murmurations twist over the Tiber at dusk before the birds roost in the plane trees along the embankments. Behind the basilica the Vatican Gardens keep holm oaks, Italian cypress, stone pines and Canary palms, where naturalised green parakeets nest and swifts scream over the dome all summer.
The view
Michelangelo's dome closes the long axis of Via della Conciliazione, and Bernini's colonnade opens like embracing arms: the sight that ends a journey begun in Canterbury.
Photography
Photograph the dome at dawn down Via della Conciliazione before traffic builds, from Ponte Umberto I at blue hour, or from the dome terrace over the cobbled ellipse below.
When to visit
Rome shines in spring and October; August is hot and the piazza shadeless at midday. Easter, Christmas and Wednesday papal audiences fill the square with vast crowds.
Getting there
Walkers descend from Monte Mario, catching their first view of the dome, into the piazza; Roma San Pietro station and Ottaviano metro serve the basilica from across the city.
Where to stay
Religious guesthouses and pilgrim-run hospices across Rome accept the credential, alongside hotels in the Borgo and Prati districts; reserve well ahead in any season.
Food & water
Rome's cast-iron nasoni fountains flow constantly across the city, including near the colonnade: block the spout to arc the water upward and refill bottles as you go.
Safety
Expect long queues in full sun — water and a hat while you wait — and dense crowds inside; keep valuables secure as in any great city. In an emergency dial 112.
Accessibility
A step-free entrance with ramps serves the basilica beside the right colonnade, with lifts inside; the dome ascent remains a long stair climb above the terrace level.
Visitor tips
Carry your stamped credential to the pilgrim reception by the portico steps or the office at Piazza Pio XII to receive the testimonium after the final hundred kilometres on foot.
Listen: the audio guide
The full narration of this stop's audio guide, in text. The audio itself plays only in the app.
It happens on Monte Mario, on the last morning. The path climbs through the trees with your mind somewhere else, then it turns, and the city opens below you, and there, small and grey-green and unmistakable across the roofs, is the dome. Medieval pilgrims called this hill Mons Gaudii, the mountain of joy, and every account of the walk agrees that people stop here, and that some of them cannot speak for a while. Whatever brought you out of Canterbury, it has carried you to this.
Underneath everything you are about to see is a grave. Tradition holds that the Apostle Peter, the fisherman who left his nets, was crucified upside-down in Nero's circus on the Vatican hill around the year 64 and buried close by. The Emperor Constantine raised the first basilica over that tomb in the fourth century, and it stood for more than eleven hundred years. By the fifteenth century it was failing, and the church that replaced it took one hundred and twenty years and a long line of popes and architects: Julius the Second laid the foundation stone on the eighteenth of April 1506 to Bramante's design, Michelangelo took charge in 1546 and shaped the dome that Giacomo della Porta completed in 1590, Carlo Maderno added the long nave and facade between 1607 and 1614, and Urban the Eighth consecrated the basilica on the eighteenth of November 1626.
Walk down from the hill and enter the piazza directly, not sideways, because it was designed for arriving. Now, look for four things. First, the colonnades, raised by Bernini between 1656 and 1667 and described by him as the arms of the Church opening to receive the world: two hundred and eighty-four columns in four curving rows, saints ranged along the top, sweeping round to gather you in. Second, inside the basilica, go right, to the Pietà, where a young mother holds her grown son across her knees in marble so finely worked it seems warm, carved by Michelangelo in his early twenties. Third, let the scale catch you slowly as you walk the nave. Everything is in such perfect proportion that nothing looks as large as it is, until you notice that a carved cherub near the door is taller than you are, and that the travertine underfoot was floated downriver from the quarries at Tivoli. And fourth, the baldachin, the twisted bronze canopy beneath the dome. Stand at the balustrade before it and look down towards the confessio. That is the spot. Everything else, the columns, the mosaics, the dome itself, exists to mark one place on the ground.
Then do the last practical thing of the whole walk, and do it gladly. Take your stamped credential to the pilgrim reception by the portico steps, or to the office at Piazza Pio the Twelfth, and receive your testimonium, a sheet of paper bearing your name in Latin. It will mean more to you in ten years than it does today. In 990 Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury stood where you are standing, then walked home and wrote down his stages, and it is his list, copied and followed for a thousand years, that has carried pilgrims over the Alps, across the rivers, through the towers of Tuscany, to this square.
There is no legend to tell you here. The story this time is yours.
Find a place in the shade of the colonnade and sit for a while beneath the dome you first glimpsed from the mountain of joy this morning. The swifts scream over it all summer, and they will keep the road company when you have gone home. You walked from Canterbury to Rome. Let that settle. There is nowhere else to be today, and the old road has one last thing to say to you, the same thing it has said at every step. Buon cammino.
Also narrated in Deutsch, Italiano, Nederlands
The same guide, written again in each language rather than translated. Open one to read it in full.
Deutsch · 5 min 11 s
Es geschieht auf dem Monte Mario, am letzten Morgen. Der Pfad steigt durch die Bäume, während Sie mit den Gedanken woanders sind, dann macht er eine Wendung, und die Stadt öffnet sich unter Ihnen, und dort, klein und graugrün und unverwechselbar über den Dächern, steht die Kuppel. Die Pilger des Mittelalters nannten diesen Hügel Mons Gaudii, den Berg der Freude, und alle Berichte dieses Weges stimmen darin überein, dass die Menschen hier stehen bleiben und dass manche eine Weile lang nicht sprechen können. Was immer Sie aus Canterbury hinausgetrieben hat, es hat Sie bis hierher getragen.
Unter allem, was Sie gleich sehen werden, liegt ein Grab. Die Überlieferung sagt, dass der Apostel Petrus, der Fischer, der seine Netze zurückließ, um das Jahr 64 im Zirkus des Nero auf dem vatikanischen Hügel kopfüber gekreuzigt und in der Nähe bestattet wurde. Kaiser Konstantin errichtete im 4. Jahrhundert die erste Basilika über diesem Grab, und sie stand mehr als elfhundert Jahre. Im 15. Jahrhundert war sie baufällig, und die Kirche, die sie ersetzte, brauchte hundertzwanzig Jahre und eine lange Reihe von Päpsten und Baumeistern: Julius der Zweite legte am achtzehnten April 1506 den Grundstein nach Bramantes Entwurf, Michelangelo übernahm 1546 und formte jene Kuppel, die Giacomo della Porta 1590 vollendete, Carlo Maderno fügte zwischen 1607 und 1614 das lange Langhaus und die Fassade hinzu, und Urban der Achte weihte die Basilika am achtzehnten November 1626.
Gehen Sie vom Hügel herunter und betreten Sie den Platz frontal, nicht von der Seite, denn er ist für das Ankommen entworfen. Vier Dinge sollten Sie nun suchen. Erstens: die Kolonnaden, zwischen 1656 und 1667 von Bernini errichtet und von ihm als die Arme der Kirche beschrieben, die sich öffnen, um die Welt aufzunehmen, zweihundertvierundachtzig Säulen in vier geschwungenen Reihen, Heilige entlang der Krone aufgereiht, die sich herumschwingen und Sie einsammeln. Zweitens, in der Basilika: Gehen Sie nach rechts, zur Pietà, wo eine junge Mutter ihren erwachsenen Sohn über den Knien hält, in Marmor, so fein gearbeitet, dass er warm wirkt, geschaffen von Michelangelo mit Anfang zwanzig. Drittens: Lassen Sie sich die Maße langsam einholen, während Sie durch das Langhaus gehen. Alles ist so vollkommen proportioniert, dass nichts so groß aussieht, wie es ist, bis Ihnen auffällt, dass ein Putto nahe der Tür größer ist als Sie und dass der Travertin unter Ihren Füßen von den Brüchen in Tivoli herabgeflößt wurde. Und viertens: der Baldachin, jener gedrehte Bronzehimmel unter der Kuppel. Stellen Sie sich davor an die Brüstung und schauen Sie hinunter zur Confessio. Das ist die Stelle. Alles andere, die Säulen, die Mosaiken, die Kuppel selbst, ist dazu da, einen einzigen Punkt auf dem Boden zu bezeichnen.
Dann tun Sie die letzte praktische Sache dieses ganzen Weges, und tun Sie sie gern. Bringen Sie Ihren gestempelten Pilgerausweis zum Pilgerempfang bei den Stufen des Portikus oder zum Büro an der Piazza Pius des Zwölften und empfangen Sie Ihr Testimonium, ein Blatt Papier mit Ihrem Namen auf Latein. In zehn Jahren wird es Ihnen mehr bedeuten als heute. 990 stand Erzbischof Sigerich von Canterbury dort, wo Sie jetzt stehen, ging dann nach Hause und schrieb seine Etappen auf, und es ist seine Liste, tausend Jahre lang abgeschrieben und begangen, die Pilger über die Alpen, über die Flüsse, durch die Türme der Toskana bis auf diesen Platz getragen hat.
Hier gibt es keine Legende zu erzählen. Diesmal ist die Geschichte Ihre.
Suchen Sie sich einen Platz im Schatten der Kolonnade und sitzen Sie eine Weile unter jener Kuppel, die Sie heute Morgen vom Berg der Freude zum ersten Mal gesehen haben. Den ganzen Sommer über schreien die Mauersegler darüber, und sie werden dem Weg Gesellschaft leisten, wenn Sie längst zu Hause sind. Sie sind von Canterbury nach Rom gegangen. Lassen Sie das ankommen. Es gibt heute keinen anderen Ort, an dem Sie sein müssten, und die alte Straße hat Ihnen noch eines zu sagen, dasselbe, was sie bei jedem Schritt gesagt hat. Buon cammino.
Italiano · 4 min 37 s
Succede a Monte Mario, l'ultima mattina. Il sentiero sale fra gli alberi mentre voi avete la testa altrove, poi gira, e la città si apre là sotto, e in fondo ai tetti, piccola, grigioverde e inconfondibile, c'è la cupola. I pellegrini medievali chiamavano questo colle Mons Gaudii, il monte della gioia, e tutti i racconti del cammino concordano: qui la gente si ferma, e qualcuno per un po' non riesce a parlare. Qualunque cosa vi abbia fatto partire da Canterbury, vi ha portati fin qui.
Sotto tutto quello che state per vedere c'è una tomba. La tradizione dice che l'apostolo Pietro, il pescatore che lasciò le reti, fu crocifisso a testa in giù nel circo di Nerone sul colle Vaticano intorno all'anno 64, e sepolto lì accanto. Nel quarto secolo l'imperatore Costantino alzò la prima basilica sopra quella tomba, e restò in piedi per più di millecento anni. Nel Quattrocento cedeva ormai da ogni parte, e la chiesa che la sostituì richiese centoventi anni e una lunga fila di papi e di architetti: Giulio II posò la prima pietra il 18 aprile 1506 sul progetto del Bramante, Michelangelo prese la direzione nel 1546 e diede forma alla cupola che Giacomo della Porta completò nel 1590, Carlo Maderno aggiunse la navata lunga e la facciata fra il 1607 e il 1614, e Urbano VIII consacrò la basilica il 18 novembre 1626.
Scendete dal colle ed entrate in piazza di fronte, non di lato, perché è stata disegnata per chi arriva. Ora, quattro cose da cercare. Primo, i colonnati, alzati dal Bernini fra il 1656 e il 1667 e da lui descritti come le braccia della Chiesa che si aprono per accogliere il mondo: duecentottantaquattro colonne in quattro file curve, i santi schierati in alto, tutto che ruota per raccogliervi dentro. Secondo, entrati in basilica, andate a destra, alla Pietà, dove una madre giovane tiene sulle ginocchia il figlio adulto, in un marmo lavorato così finemente da sembrare tiepido, scolpito da Michelangelo poco più che ventenne. Terzo, lasciate che la scala vi arrivi addosso piano, camminando la navata. Tutto è in proporzione così perfetta che niente sembra grande quanto è, finché non vi accorgete che un putto scolpito vicino alla porta è più alto di voi, e che il travertino che avete sotto i piedi è sceso per fiume dalle cave di Tivoli. E quarto, il baldacchino, la cortina di bronzo a colonne tortili sotto la cupola. Fermatevi alla balaustra davanti e guardate giù, verso la confessione. È quello il punto. Tutto il resto, le colonne, i mosaici, la cupola stessa, esiste per segnare un solo posto per terra.
Poi fate l'ultima cosa pratica di tutto il cammino, e fatela volentieri. Portate la credenziale timbrata all'accoglienza dei pellegrini accanto ai gradini del portico, oppure all'ufficio di piazza Pio XII, e ritirate il vostro testimonium, un foglio di carta con il vostro nome in latino. Fra dieci anni conterà molto più di oggi. Nel 990 l'arcivescovo Sigerico di Canterbury stava esattamente dove state voi, poi tornò a casa a piedi e mise per iscritto le sue tappe, ed è quel suo elenco, copiato e seguito per mille anni, ad aver portato i pellegrini oltre le Alpi, attraverso i fiumi, in mezzo alle torri della Toscana, fino a questa piazza.
Questa volta non c'è nessuna leggenda da raccontarvi. La storia, stavolta, è la vostra.
Trovatevi un posto all'ombra del colonnato e restate seduti un po' sotto la cupola che stamattina avete intravisto per la prima volta dal monte della gioia. I rondoni ci strillano sopra tutta l'estate, e faranno compagnia alla strada quando voi sarete tornati a casa. Siete venuti a piedi da Canterbury a Roma. Lasciate che si depositi. Oggi non c'è nessun altro posto in cui stare, e la vecchia strada ha un'ultima cosa da dirvi, la stessa che vi ha detto a ogni passo. Da Canterbury in poi ve l'ha detta nella vostra lingua. Buon cammino.
Nederlands · 5 min 23 s
Het gebeurt op de Monte Mario, op de laatste ochtend. Het pad klimt door de bomen terwijl je gedachten ergens anders zijn, dan draait het, en de stad gaat onder je open, en daar, klein en grijsgroen en onmiskenbaar boven de daken uit, staat de koepel. Middeleeuwse pelgrims noemden deze heuvel Mons Gaudii, de berg van vreugde, en alle verslagen van deze tocht zijn het erover eens dat mensen hier blijven staan, en dat sommigen van hen een tijdlang niets kunnen zeggen. Wat je ook uit Canterbury heeft weggedreven, het heeft je hierheen gedragen.
Onder alles wat je zo gaat zien ligt een graf. De overlevering houdt vol dat de apostel Petrus, de visser die zijn netten achterliet, rond het jaar 64 ondersteboven werd gekruisigd in het circus van Nero op de Vaticaanse heuvel, en vlakbij werd begraven. Keizer Constantijn richtte in de vierde eeuw de eerste basiliek boven dat graf op, en die stond er meer dan elfhonderd jaar. In de vijftiende eeuw begaf ze het, en de kerk die haar verving kostte honderdtwintig jaar en een lange rij pausen en architecten: Julius de Tweede legde op 18 april 1506 de eerste steen naar het ontwerp van Bramante, Michelangelo nam in 1546 de leiding en gaf de koepel haar vorm, die Giacomo della Porta in 1590 voltooide, Carlo Maderno voegde tussen 1607 en 1614 het lange schip en de gevel toe, en Urbanus de Achtste wijdde de basiliek op 18 november 1626.
Daal van de heuvel af en betreed het plein recht van voren, niet van opzij, want het is ontworpen om aan te komen. Zoek nu vier dingen. Ten eerste de zuilengangen, tussen 1656 en 1667 opgericht door Bernini en door hemzelf beschreven als de armen van de Kerk die zich openen om de wereld te ontvangen: tweehonderdvierentachtig zuilen in vier gebogen rijen, met heiligen langs de bovenrand, die in een boog om je heen komen om je binnen te halen. Ten tweede, binnen in de basiliek, ga naar rechts, naar de Pietà, waar een jonge moeder haar volwassen zoon over haar knieën houdt in marmer dat zo fijn is bewerkt dat het warm lijkt, gehouwen door Michelangelo toen hij begin twintig was. Ten derde: laat de schaal je langzaam inhalen terwijl je door het schip loopt. Alles is zo volmaakt in verhouding dat niets zo groot lijkt als het is, tot je merkt dat een gebeeldhouwd engeltje bij de deur groter is dan jij, en dat het travertijn onder je voeten vanuit de groeven bij Tivoli de rivier af is gevaren. En ten vierde het baldakijn, de gedraaide bronzen hemel onder de koepel. Ga aan de balustrade ervoor staan en kijk naar beneden, naar de confessio. Dat is de plek. Al het andere, de zuilen, de mozaïeken, de koepel zelf, bestaat om één plek op de grond te markeren.
Doe dan het laatste praktische ding van de hele tocht, en doe het met plezier. Breng je afgestempelde pelgrimspaspoort naar de pelgrimsbalie bij de trappen van de voorhal, of naar het kantoor aan de Piazza Pio de Twaalfde, en ontvang je testimonium, een vel papier met je naam in het Latijn. Over tien jaar zal het je meer zeggen dan vandaag. In 990 stond aartsbisschop Sigeric van Canterbury waar jij nu staat, liep daarna naar huis en schreef zijn etappes op, en het is zijn lijstje, duizend jaar lang overgeschreven en gevolgd, dat pelgrims over de Alpen, over de rivieren en door de torens van Toscane naar dit plein heeft gebracht.
Er is hier geen legende meer om je te vertellen. Het verhaal is deze keer van jou.
Zoek een plek in de schaduw van de zuilengang en ga een poos zitten onder de koepel die je vanochtend vanaf de berg van vreugde voor het eerst zag. De gierzwaluwen gieren er de hele zomer overheen, en zij houden de weg gezelschap wanneer jij weer thuis bent. Je hebt van Canterbury naar Rome gelopen. Laat dat bezinken. Er is vandaag nergens anders te zijn, en de oude weg heeft je nog één ding te zeggen, hetzelfde dat hij bij elke stap heeft gezegd. Buon cammino.
Common questions
How old is St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican?
St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican dates from the Renaissance (16th–17th century, over a 4th-century basilica) period.
How do I get to St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican?
Walkers descend from Monte Mario, catching their first view of the dome, into the piazza; Roma San Pietro station and Ottaviano metro serve the basilica from across the city.
Is St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican accessible?
A step-free entrance with ramps serves the basilica beside the right colonnade, with lifts inside; the dome ascent remains a long stair climb above the terrace level.
When is the best time to visit St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican?
Rome shines in spring and October; August is hot and the piazza shadeless at midday. Easter, Christmas and Wednesday papal audiences fill the square with vast crowds.
Is there food and water at St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican?
Rome's cast-iron nasoni fountains flow constantly across the city, including near the colonnade: block the spout to arc the water upward and refill bottles as you go.
Where can I stay near St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican?
Religious guesthouses and pilgrim-run hospices across Rome accept the credential, alongside hotels in the Borgo and Prati districts; reserve well ahead in any season.
What should I know before visiting St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican?
Carry your stamped credential to the pilgrim reception by the portico steps or the office at Piazza Pio XII to receive the testimonium after the final hundred kilometres on foot.
Is St Peter's Basilica & the Vatican safe to visit?
Expect long queues in full sun — water and a hat while you wait — and dense crowds inside; keep valuables secure as in any great city. In an emergency dial 112.
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