Siena is one of the great medieval cities of Italy and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built across three hills of warm red brick. Its heart is the shell-shaped Piazza del Campo, the magnificent public square where the Palio horse race is run twice each summer, overlooked by the soaring Torre del Mangia and the Gothic town hall. As a flourishing banking and merchant republic astride the Via Francigena, Siena grew enormously wealthy on the pilgrim road to Rome, caring for travellers at the great hospital of Santa Maria della Scala.
Highlights
- The shell-shaped Campo fanning in nine brick segments from the Fonte Gaia
- The Torre del Mangia soaring over the Gothic Palazzo Pubblico
- The Palio horse race run twice each summer around the square
- She-wolf legend of Senius and Aschius, sons of Remus
- Santa Maria della Scala, the ancient pilgrim hospital, with a timbro
At a glance
| Period | Medieval (12th–14th century) |
|---|---|
| Stage | 69 — Monteriggioni to Siena |
Take care
- Sloping pavement turns slippery when wet
- Dense, slow-moving crowds on Palio days — plan an exit route
- Summer heat radiates fiercely off the brick
History
The square took shape under the Government of the Nine, which ruled Siena from 1287 to 1355: the Palazzo Pubblico rose from 1297, the Torre del Mangia between 1338 and 1348, and in 1349 the Campo received its brick paving divided into nine segments in the council's honour. The plague of 1348 ended the golden age, and after a long siege Siena surrendered to imperial and Florentine forces in 1555, passing to the Medici. The Palio in its present circling form has been run here since the 17th century.
Myth & legend
Siena cherishes a Roman foundation legend: the city was supposedly founded by Senius and Aschius, the sons of Remus, who fled Rome and brought with them the she-wolf suckling the twins. That is why the wolf nursing Romulus and Remus appears as the emblem of Siena throughout the city.
Geology
Siena is built on Pliocene marine sands and clays left by a sea that filled this basin a few million years ago, and its colour is pure geology: brick fired from local clay, and iron-rich earths that gave painters the pigments raw and burnt sienna. South-east of the city the same marine clays are carved by rain into the bare badland crests of the Crete Senesi.
Wildlife & nature
Swifts pour round the brick towers and over the square through summer evenings, joined by swallows and house martins, while kestrels hang above the walls and jackdaws nest in the cornices. Beyond the gates the Crete Senesi roll away in bare clay hills, green with young wheat in April and bleached gold by July.
The view
The shell-shaped Campo tilts like a brick amphitheatre towards the Palazzo Pubblico, the Torre del Mangia soaring overhead and nine paved segments fanning from the Fonte Gaia.
Photography
Climb the Torre del Mangia or the Facciatone viewpoint for the full shell shape; at ground level, low evening sun brings out the curve and the warm red brick.
When to visit
Spring and autumn are ideal; around the Palio in early July and mid-August the city is exhilarating but packed, and August heat radiates fiercely off the brick.
Getting there
Trains from Florence via Empoli arrive below the centre, linked uphill by escalators; fast buses from Florence are often simpler, and the Francigena walks in from the north.
Where to stay
Convents and religious guesthouses welcome credential-holding pilgrims, and hotels fill the contrade lanes; reserve far ahead for any dates near the Palio.
Food & water
Drinking fountains around the centre and abundant cafes keep bottles full; the Fonte Gaia itself is ornamental, so use the taps and fountains in the side streets.
Safety
The shell-shaped pavement slopes and turns slippery when wet, and crowds are heavy in season — on Palio days expect dense, slow-moving masses and plan an exit route. Summer heat radiates off the brick. In an emergency dial 112.
Accessibility
The Campo floor slopes and its rim is stepped, though ramped entry points exist; the tower is a long, narrow stair climb, and surrounding streets rise and fall steeply.
Visitor tips
Visit Santa Maria della Scala, the ancient pilgrim hospital opposite the cathedral, ask for a timbro there or at the tourist office, and give Siena a slow rest day.
Listen: the audio guide
The full narration of this stop's audio guide, in text. The audio itself plays only in the app.
Nothing quite prepares you for the moment you step out of Siena's shaded lanes into the great bowl of light that is the Piazza del Campo. Pause at the rim. The square tips and curves like a scallop shell, red brick fanning out from its lowest point in nine broad segments. Waiting for you around this square are a tower named for a man who ate his wages, a fountain named for joy, and a horse race that is over in ninety seconds.
The nine segments beneath your feet honour the Government of the Nine, the council of merchants who ruled Siena from 1287 to 1355 and gave the city its golden age. They laid out this square as a stage for civic life on the neutral ground where the city's three hills meet: the Palazzo Pubblico rose from 1297, the great tower between 1338 and 1348, and in 1349 the Campo received the brick paving you are standing on. Siena owes all this splendour to the road you are walking. The Via Francigena passes straight through the city, and along its urban stretch, the street called Banchi di Sopra, money-changers set up the tables that grew into great banking houses; one of them, founded in 1472, still trades as the oldest bank in the world. And opposite the cathedral stands Santa Maria della Scala, among the oldest hospitals in Europe, which for centuries fed, sheltered and cared for pilgrims on this very road.
Now, look for four things around the square. First, the Palazzo Pubblico at the base of the shell, its Gothic windows and battlements as crisp as the day they were cut; inside, the Nine commissioned Ambrogio Lorenzetti's famous frescoes of Good and Bad Government, a painted sermon on what wise and wicked rule do to a city. Second, the Torre del Mangia beside it, a slender shaft of brick rocketing eighty-eight metres into the sky. It takes its name from its first bell-ringer, nicknamed Mangiaguadagni, the earnings-eater, because he spent his wages as fast as he rang the hours. Third, at the top of the square, the Fonte Gaia, the fountain of joy, named for the celebrations when water first reached this spot through more than twenty-five kilometres of tunnels dug by hand beneath the city; the carved panels you see are careful copies, and Jacopo della Quercia's weathered originals rest indoors nearby. And fourth, the swifts. On summer evenings they pour round the brick towers in screaming crowds, as much a part of the Campo as the paving.
Twice each summer, on the second of July and the sixteenth of August, this civilised square becomes a cauldron. Earth is laid around the perimeter, tens of thousands pack the centre, and the Palio erupts: ten bareback riders, each carrying the honour of one of the contrade, Siena's fiercely proud neighbourhood clans, hurtle three times around the Campo in barely ninety seconds. Run in this circling form since the seventeenth century, it is no show for visitors but the city's own beating heart. Look at the sloping brick and imagine it: the roar, the colours, the horses skidding through the corners where you now stand.
Before you leave, find Siena's emblem: a she-wolf suckling twin boys. Legend says the city was founded by Senius and Aschius, sons of Remus, who fled Rome carrying the wolf of their father's house. So Siena wears the badge of Rome's own story, and you are walking from the one wolf towards the other.
Find a spot on the warm brick, as everyone eventually does, and let the bowl of light hold you for a while. Siena rewards a slow day. Then follow the flagstones south towards the gate, where the bare golden hills of the Val d'Orcia are waiting. The road knows the way. Buon cammino.
Also narrated in Deutsch, Italiano, Nederlands
The same guide, written again in each language rather than translated. Open one to read it in full.
Deutsch · 5 min 04 s
Auf den Moment, in dem Sie aus Sienas beschatteten Gassen in die große Lichtschale der Piazza del Campo treten, bereitet Sie nichts wirklich vor. Bleiben Sie am Rand stehen. Der Platz kippt und wölbt sich wie eine Jakobsmuschel, roter Ziegel fächert vom tiefsten Punkt in neun breiten Segmenten auf. Rings um diesen Platz warten ein Turm, benannt nach einem Mann, der seinen Lohn aufaß, ein Brunnen, benannt nach der Freude, und ein Pferderennen, das nach neunzig Sekunden vorbei ist.
Die neun Segmente unter Ihren Füßen ehren den Rat der Neun, jene Kaufleute, die Siena von 1287 bis 1355 regierten und der Stadt ihr goldenes Zeitalter gaben. Sie legten diesen Platz als Bühne des öffentlichen Lebens an, auf dem neutralen Boden, wo die drei Hügel der Stadt zusammentreffen. Der Palazzo Pubblico wuchs ab 1297, der große Turm zwischen 1338 und 1348, und 1349 erhielt der Campo jenes Ziegelpflaster, auf dem Sie stehen. All diese Pracht verdankt Siena dem Weg, den Sie gehen. Die Via Francigena führt mitten durch die Stadt, und an ihrem städtischen Abschnitt, der Straße Banchi di Sopra, stellten Geldwechsler jene Tische auf, aus denen große Bankhäuser wurden; eines davon, 1472 gegründet, handelt bis heute als älteste Bank der Welt. Und gegenüber der Kathedrale steht Santa Maria della Scala, eines der ältesten Hospitäler Europas, das jahrhundertelang die Pilger genau dieses Weges speiste, beherbergte und pflegte.
Vier Dinge sollten Sie rund um den Platz suchen. Erstens: den Palazzo Pubblico am Fuß der Muschel, seine gotischen Fenster und Zinnen so scharf wie am Tag ihres Schnitts. Drinnen ließen die Neun Ambrogio Lorenzettis berühmte Fresken der Guten und der Schlechten Regierung malen, eine gemalte Predigt darüber, was kluge und was schlechte Herrschaft mit einer Stadt anrichten. Zweitens, daneben, den Torre del Mangia, einen schlanken Ziegelschaft, der achtundachtzig Meter in den Himmel schießt. Seinen Namen hat er von seinem ersten Glöckner, dem Spitznamen Mangiaguadagni, dem Verdienstfresser, weil er seinen Lohn so schnell ausgab, wie er die Stunden schlug. Drittens, am oberen Rand des Platzes, die Fonte Gaia, den Brunnen der Freude, benannt nach dem Jubel, als das Wasser hier zum ersten Mal ankam, durch mehr als fünfundzwanzig Kilometer von Hand gegrabener Stollen unter der Stadt; die Reliefs, die Sie sehen, sind sorgfältige Kopien, die verwitterten Originale von Jacopo della Quercia stehen in der Nähe im Trockenen. Und viertens: die Mauersegler. An Sommerabenden schütten sie sich schreiend um die Ziegeltürme, und sie gehören ebenso zum Campo wie das Pflaster.
Zweimal im Sommer, am zweiten Juli und am sechzehnten August, wird dieser zivilisierte Platz zum Kessel. Erde wird rings um den Rand aufgetragen, Zehntausende drängen sich in der Mitte, und dann bricht der Palio los: zehn Reiter ohne Sattel, jeder mit der Ehre einer der Contraden, der stolzen Stadtviertel Sienas, jagen in knapp neunzig Sekunden dreimal um den Campo. In dieser Rundform seit dem 17. Jahrhundert geritten, ist er keine Vorführung für Gäste, sondern der eigene Herzschlag der Stadt. Schauen Sie auf den geneigten Ziegel und stellen Sie es sich vor: das Dröhnen, die Farben, die Pferde, die durch die Kurven schlittern, an denen Sie jetzt stehen.
Suchen Sie vor dem Weitergehen Sienas Wappen: eine Wölfin, die zwei Knaben säugt. Der Sage nach gründeten Senius und Aschius die Stadt, Söhne des Remus, die aus Rom flohen und die Wölfin ihres Vaterhauses mit sich trugen. Siena trägt also das Zeichen von Roms eigener Geschichte, und Sie gehen von der einen Wölfin zur anderen.
Suchen Sie sich einen Platz auf dem warmen Ziegel, wie es am Ende alle tun, und lassen Sie sich eine Weile von dieser Lichtschale halten. Siena belohnt einen langsamen Tag. Dann folgen Sie den Platten nach Süden zum Tor, wo die kahlen goldenen Hügel des Val d'Orcia warten. Der Weg kennt sich aus. Buon cammino.
Italiano · 4 min 31 s
Non c'è modo di prepararsi davvero all'istante in cui si esce dai vicoli in ombra di Siena dentro la grande conca di luce che è piazza del Campo. Fermatevi sul bordo. La piazza si inclina e si incurva come una conchiglia, il mattone rosso che si apre a ventaglio dal punto più basso in nove spicchi larghi. Intorno a questa piazza vi aspettano una torre intitolata a un uomo che si mangiava lo stipendio, una fontana intitolata alla gioia, e una corsa di cavalli che finisce in novanta secondi.
I nove spicchi che avete sotto i piedi onorano il Governo dei Nove, il consiglio di mercanti che resse Siena dal 1287 al 1355 e le diede la sua età dell'oro. Furono loro a disegnare questa piazza come palcoscenico della vita civile, sul terreno neutro dove si incontrano i tre colli della città: il Palazzo Pubblico si alzò dal 1297, la torre fra il 1338 e il 1348, e nel 1349 il Campo ricevette il lastrico di mattoni su cui state. Tutto questo splendore Siena lo deve alla strada che state percorrendo. La Via Francigena attraversa la città da parte a parte, e lungo il suo tratto urbano, la via che chiamano Banchi di Sopra, i cambiavalute misero i banchi da cui nacquero grandi case bancarie; una di quelle, fondata nel 1472, è ancora aperta, ed è la banca più antica del mondo. E di fronte al Duomo sta Santa Maria della Scala, uno degli ospedali più antichi d'Europa, che per secoli ha nutrito, ospitato e curato i pellegrini di questa stessa strada.
Ora, quattro cose da cercare intorno alla piazza. Primo, il Palazzo Pubblico alla base della conchiglia, con le finestre gotiche e i merli nitidi come il giorno in cui furono tagliati; dentro, i Nove commissionarono ad Ambrogio Lorenzetti i celebri affreschi del Buon Governo e del Cattivo Governo, una predica dipinta su che cosa fanno a una città il governo saggio e quello iniquo. Secondo, accanto, la Torre del Mangia, un fuso sottile di mattoni che parte per il cielo per ottantotto metri. Prende il nome dal suo primo campanaro, soprannominato Mangiaguadagni, perché spendeva la paga alla stessa velocità con cui suonava le ore. Terzo, in cima alla piazza, la Fonte Gaia, chiamata così per la festa che accolse l'arrivo dell'acqua fin quassù, attraverso più di venticinque chilometri di bottini scavati a mano sotto la città; i pannelli scolpiti che vedete sono copie fedeli, e gli originali consumati di Jacopo della Quercia riposano al coperto poco lontano. E quarto, i rondoni. Nelle sere d'estate si rovesciano intorno alle torri di mattoni in stormi urlanti, e fanno parte del Campo quanto il lastrico.
Due volte l'estate, il due luglio e il sedici agosto, questa piazza civilissima diventa un braciere. Si stende la terra lungo il perimetro, decine di migliaia di persone riempiono il centro, e il Palio esplode: dieci fantini a pelo, ognuno con addosso l'onore della sua contrada, tre giri del Campo in poco più di novanta secondi. Corso in questa forma dal Seicento, non è uno spettacolo per i forestieri, ma il cuore che batte alla città. Guardate il mattone in pendenza e immaginatevelo: il boato, i colori, i cavalli che scivolano nelle curve dove state adesso.
Prima di andare, cercate lo stemma di Siena: una lupa che allatta due gemelli. La leggenda vuole che la città sia stata fondata da Senio e Aschio, figli di Remo, fuggiti da Roma portandosi via la lupa della casa paterna. Così Siena porta addosso il segno della storia di Roma, e voi state camminando da una lupa all'altra.
Trovatevi un posto sul mattone caldo, come finiscono per fare tutti, e lasciate che la conca di luce vi tenga un po'. Siena ripaga le giornate lente. Poi seguite il lastrico a sud, verso la porta, dove vi aspettano le colline nude e dorate della Val d'Orcia. La strada la sa, la via. Buon cammino.
Nederlands · 5 min 29 s
Niets bereidt je echt voor op het moment waarop je uit de schaduwrijke straatjes van Siena de grote kom van licht in stapt die de Piazza del Campo is. Blijf even op de rand staan. Het plein kantelt en welft als een sint-jakobsschelp, rode baksteen die vanuit het laagste punt uitwaaiert in negen brede segmenten. Om dit plein wachten je een toren die naar een man is genoemd die zijn loon opat, een fontein die naar de vreugde heet, en een paardenrace die in negentig seconden voorbij is.
De negen segmenten onder je voeten eren het Bestuur van de Negen, de raad van kooplieden die Siena van 1287 tot 1355 regeerde en de stad haar gouden eeuw gaf. Zij legden dit plein aan als toneel voor het openbare leven, op de neutrale grond waar de drie heuvels van de stad samenkomen: het Palazzo Pubblico verrees vanaf 1297, de grote toren tussen 1338 en 1348, en in 1349 kreeg de Campo de bakstenen bestrating waarop je nu staat. Siena dankt al deze pracht aan de weg die jij loopt. De Via Francigena gaat dwars door de stad, en langs haar stedelijke deel, de straat die Banchi di Sopra heet, zetten geldwisselaars de tafels neer die uitgroeiden tot grote bankhuizen; een ervan, gesticht in 1472, handelt nog altijd als de oudste bank ter wereld. En tegenover de kathedraal staat Santa Maria della Scala, een van de oudste ziekenhuizen van Europa, dat eeuwenlang pelgrims op juist deze weg voedde, onderdak gaf en verzorgde.
Zoek nu vier dingen rond het plein. Ten eerste het Palazzo Pubblico onderaan de schelp, met gotische vensters en kantelen zo scherp als op de dag dat ze werden gehouwen; binnen gaven de Negen opdracht tot Ambrogio Lorenzetti's beroemde fresco's van Goed en Slecht Bestuur, een geschilderde preek over wat wijs en wat verdorven bewind met een stad doen. Ten tweede de Torre del Mangia ernaast, een slanke schacht baksteen die achtentachtig meter de lucht in schiet. Hij dankt zijn naam aan zijn eerste klokkenluider, bijgenaamd Mangiaguadagni, de loonopeter, omdat hij zijn loon net zo snel uitgaf als hij de uren luidde. Ten derde, aan de bovenkant van het plein, de Fonte Gaia, de fontein van de vreugde, genoemd naar het feest toen het water deze plek voor het eerst bereikte door meer dan vijfentwintig kilometer met de hand gegraven tunnels onder de stad; de gebeeldhouwde panelen die je ziet zijn zorgvuldige kopieën, en de verweerde originelen van Jacopo della Quercia staan vlakbij binnen. En ten vierde de gierzwaluwen. Op zomeravonden stromen ze in gillende zwermen om de bakstenen torens, en ze horen net zo bij de Campo als de bestrating.
Twee keer per zomer, op de tweede juli en de zestiende augustus, verandert dit beschaafde plein in een heksenketel. Er wordt aarde langs de rand gelegd, tienduizenden mensen persen zich in het midden, en dan barst de Palio los: tien ruiters zonder zadel, elk met de eer van een van de contrade, de fel trotse wijkclans van Siena, jagen in nauwelijks negentig seconden drie keer om de Campo. In deze rondgaande vorm gelopen sinds de zeventiende eeuw, is het geen vertoning voor bezoekers maar het kloppende hart van de stad zelf. Kijk naar het hellende baksteen en stel het je voor: het gebrul, de kleuren, de paarden die slippen door de bochten waar jij nu staat.
Zoek voor je vertrekt het wapen van Siena: een wolvin die twee jongetjes zoogt. De legende wil dat de stad is gesticht door Senius en Aschius, zonen van Remus, die uit Rome vluchtten met de wolvin van hun vaders huis. Zo draagt Siena het teken van het verhaal van Rome zelf, en jij loopt van de ene wolvin naar de andere.
Zoek een plekje op het warme baksteen, zoals iedereen uiteindelijk doet, en laat die kom van licht je een poos vasthouden. Siena beloont een trage dag. Volg daarna de tegels naar het zuiden, naar de poort, waar de kale gouden heuvels van de Val d'Orcia wachten. De weg weet de route. Buon cammino.
Common questions
How old is Siena and the Piazza del Campo?
Siena and the Piazza del Campo dates from the Medieval (12th–14th century) period.
How do I get to Siena and the Piazza del Campo?
Trains from Florence via Empoli arrive below the centre, linked uphill by escalators; fast buses from Florence are often simpler, and the Francigena walks in from the north.
Is Siena and the Piazza del Campo accessible?
The Campo floor slopes and its rim is stepped, though ramped entry points exist; the tower is a long, narrow stair climb, and surrounding streets rise and fall steeply.
When is the best time to visit Siena and the Piazza del Campo?
Spring and autumn are ideal; around the Palio in early July and mid-August the city is exhilarating but packed, and August heat radiates fiercely off the brick.
Is there food and water at Siena and the Piazza del Campo?
Drinking fountains around the centre and abundant cafes keep bottles full; the Fonte Gaia itself is ornamental, so use the taps and fountains in the side streets.
Where can I stay near Siena and the Piazza del Campo?
Convents and religious guesthouses welcome credential-holding pilgrims, and hotels fill the contrade lanes; reserve far ahead for any dates near the Palio.
What should I know before visiting Siena and the Piazza del Campo?
Visit Santa Maria della Scala, the ancient pilgrim hospital opposite the cathedral, ask for a timbro there or at the tourist office, and give Siena a slow rest day.
Is Siena and the Piazza del Campo safe to visit?
The shell-shaped pavement slopes and turns slippery when wet, and crowds are heavy in season — on Palio days expect dense, slow-moving masses and plan an exit route. Summer heat radiates off the brick. In an emergency dial 112.
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